Rule-based energy management strategy: Load following

For a 10 cell series lithium ion battery model, simulate the thermal effects and compare life cycle performance at various temperatures, charge & discharge rates using MATLAB/SIMULINK   All types of electric vehicles, whether BEVs, HEVs, or PHEVs, contain a battery pack that powers the vehicle. Lithium-ion batteries…

Aim: To parse and create value out of NASA's thermodynamic data Objectives: Extract the 14 coefficients and calculate specific heat (Cp), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S) for all the species in the given data Calculate the molecular weight of each species and display it in the command window Plot the Cp, H, and S with respect…

OBJECTIVES: Design and simulate the Tesla Model 3 Standard Range RWD that uses a PMDC motor   Introduction Earth is heading for a disaster. Humanity is having a material and irreversible impact on Earth - we've destroyed half of the world's forests and will soon wipe out most of the rest. The human and economic consequences…

OBJECTIVES: Design and simulate the Tesla Model 3 Standard Range RWD that uses a PMSM motor   I've previously designed a Tesla Model 3 using a PMDC motor (here), even though in actuality the Tesla Model 3 uses an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM). The fact that a PMDC motor and its control works…

OBJECTIVES: Design and simulate an E-rickshaw in MATLAB/SIMULINK For any three standard driving cycles show energy consumption, temperature rise of motor & motor controller Run the vehicle at constant speed of 45 kmph for 100km (Wide Open Throttle) and analyse results   INTRODUCTION:     Conventional,…

OBJECTIVES: Design, model, and simulate an entire Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle powered by a Fuel Cell, Battery, and Ultracapacitor   INTRODUCTION: Why are FCHEVs on the rise? The two biggest problems with BEVs are driving range and charging time. FCHEVs are similar to ICE cars when their driving range and charging…

OBJECTIVES: Design and simulate an electric powertrain capable of towing a Boeing 737 Understand aircraft towing procedures and the reasons behind them  Learn about aircraft takeoff and other ground procedures to manuever the plane   1) Calculate the force and power required by a towing vehicle to push/pull an…

Firstly, it's important to understand why a load following strategy is part of several energy management rule-based strategies. A load following strategy works by keeping in consideration the most efficient points of the respective energy storage system (whether its FC, battery, or UC), and developing an algorithm that…

Question 1: Well to pump CO2 emissions for various forms of hydrogen production. In the form of a table specify the various emissions in the hydrogen production. Consider the following pathways. Using Natural gas   Using nuclear energy   Using Coal   Using solar energy     CONCLUSION: For fewer…

Energy distribution flowchart:   Preferred mode of operation: Low power demand; constant cruising speed (on a highway for instance) - use battery (power demand between 0 and 23kW) Medium power demand - use fuel cell (power demand between 23kW and 55kW) High power demand; during transient conditions - use ultracapacitor…

Question 1:Compare four different types of fuel cells and state their applications.   Type of FC Adv Disadv Operating temp, Stack size, Efficiency Applications Proton Exchange Membrane (PEMFC) Solid electrolyte - eliminating possibility of corrosion, no replishment needed due to it being solid Works well at low temperatures…

Modelling an UC requires equations that make up the parameters of a UC:   `V_(UC)=V_(max)*SOC-IR_(losses)`   `OCV=intI/Cdt`   Charge  `Q=C*V_(max)`   `SOC_(UC)=SOC_(nom)-int(I_(UC)*eta_c)/Qdt`                  where; `eta_c` = coulombic efficiency…

Question 1: Explain automatic transmission system through a simplified block diagram.               The torque converter is what transmits the torque from the engine to a rotating driven load. In an automatic transmission car, the torque converter connects the power source to the…

Overall model:     Driver subsystem block:   Resistance forces subsystem block:     Vehicle model subsystem block:  

Question 1: Consider a scenario where an aggressive driver is accelerating very rapidly and braking harshly in a city driving. Is battery better a choice to supply power than UC in this scenario? True False Why?   False. If its a pure BEV, then there is no choice but for the battery to be the power generator during…

Question: Define Nernst equation for fuel cell and then define what parameters affect the reaction in a fuel cell in what way.   Nernst's equation for fuel cells: `E_(cell)=E^0+(RT)/(nF)*ln((prod_(r))/(prod_p))` where; `E_(cell)` = cell potential `E^0` = standard cell potential R = universal gas constant T =…

Question 1:Name the components of a fuel cell 1 to 5 in this diagram.                 1. Current collector 2. Bipolar plate 3. Gas diffusion layer 4. Electrode: Anode/Cathode 5. Proton Exchange Membrane   Question 2:Oxygen is an important medium for the conduction of ions across…

Question 1:What were the first models of fuel cell vehicles developed in Asia, Europe and North America? What were the specifications of these vehicles? Compare them to the specifications of the current model.   Region Name of FCEV Range Top speed  FC output Asia Toyota FCHV - 2002 300km 155kmph  90kW Europe…

1) Differentiate between the embedded C programming and model based system approaches.    2) Draw a high-level schematic of a remote controller toy car system. Explain the working principle of the toy car system. What are the differences between a remote control toy car and an actual electric vehicle? State its…

1.  a.) Why doesn't the MATLAB PID auto tuner work for a power converter? Show step wise process for a buck-boost converter circuit.    PID autotuner needs a linear model to design a PID controller. To get this linear model, when we press the "tune" button, it automatically linearizes a Simulink model using…

1. Answer the following:           a.) Compare analog control system with digital one with respect to electric vehicle motor.   Analog deals, processes, and outputs continuous signals in a certain range. It is always progressively changing, whereas digital uses binary language for all sorts…

1) In which situations feedforward control of DC motor fails? Prepare a MATLAB script for feedforward control and test it.   DC Motor control design:   Both electrical and mechanical components are represents here, with the DC motor modelling constants as: `T=K_mI_a` `V_(emf)=K_bomega`   The torque T(t)…

 1a) Explain the following terms and note down their mathematical formulae. Rise time: time it takes for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of the steady-state response   Settling time: the time taken for the signal to be bounded to within a tolerance of 2-5% of the steady state value   Peak overshoot:…

1a) List all the MATLAB commands related to transfer function, pole-zero-gain and step response.   Function Command tf create a transfer function in polynomial form zpk create a transfer function in zero-pole-gain (factorised) form filt create a transfer function in digital signal processing (DSP) convention  …

1) How hybrid electric cars can be operated more efficiently by autonomous driving systems?      Hybrid cars are powered by both an ICE and a battery in most cases. There are also hybrid vehicles that operate with fuel cell + battery. Which system to use when is very important to maximize MPG, and control…

Compare the battery capacity and related performance of any three recent BEVs   Model Battery capacity (kWh) Curb weight (kg) Torque (Nm) Horsepower (hp) EPA Range (km) 0-60mph (sec) Top speed (kmph) 2021 Audi e-tron 95 2615 561.3 355 357 5.5 200 2021 BMW i3 42.2 1348 269.8 181 246 7.2 150 2021 Chevrolet Bolt EV 66…

OBJECTIVES: Explore the effect of increasing battery temperature on SOC Learn about thermal management techniques for an electric car battery pack   1) Create a simple simscape model with a battery and show the temperature dependance in the performance. Also connect a resistor load of 10 Ohm and compare the resultants…

Q) How does the weakest cell limit the usable capacity of the entire battery pack? What is the solution?   The 'weakest cell' is defined as the cell which limits the entire operation of the battery pack. It is the decider of how much the battery pack can be charged or discharged, and whether or not its maximum potential…

1) What is coulomb counting? Explain how BMS implements coulomb counting for SOC estimation   Coulomb counting SOC is a measure of how much charge is available for use in the battery. For the application of rechargeable batteries in H/EVs, SOC is a crucial parameter and thus needs to be measured accurately though…

OBJECTIVES: Build a battery pack with 3S4P configuration Simulate the model and comment on the results for SOC, voltage, and current Change the configuration to 4S3P and simulate the model Compare the results for both models   Battery configuration:   The lithium-ion datasheet used for this project is: https://www.ineltro.ch/media/downloads/SAAItem/45/45958/36e3e7f3-2049-4adb-a2a7-79c654d92915.pdf…

OBJECTIVES: Explain the working priniciple of a fuel cell model Simulate the built-in model '6 kW 45 Vdc Fuel Cell Stack' and explain the results Explain the voltage and current characteristics in the resultant graph   What is a fuel cell (FC) and how does it work?   A FC is an electrochemical…

OBJECTIVES: Configure the generic battery model in MATLAB from the datasheet of a lithium ion battery Simulate generic battery model charge discharge using UDDS data   The lithium-ion datasheet used for this project is: https://www.ineltro.ch/media/downloads/SAAItem/45/45958/36e3e7f3-2049-4adb-a2a7-79c654d92915.pdf…

OBJECTIVES: To understand the chemistry and working principle of a lead acid cell/battery Examine the charge and discharge curves of a lead acid battery Write code to plot those curves   Introduction: Lead acid batteries provide the best value for power and energy per kilowatt-hour Have the longest life cycle Large…

A lithium ion cell datasheet was chosen to answer the following:  https://www.ineltro.ch/media/downloads/SAAItem/45/45958/36e3e7f3-2049-4adb-a2a7-79c654d92915.pdf   1) What is the difference between nominal voltage and maximum voltage?   Nominal voltage - the voltage for which the circuit-breaker is designed…

Type of Li-ion cell Anode Cathode Chemical reaction Suitable applications Lithium Cobalt Oxide - LiCoO2 (LCO) Graphite carbon Cobalt oxide Anode: LiC6 ↔ C6 + Li+ + e- Cathode: CoO2 + Li+ + e- ↔ LiCoO2 Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras Lithium Manganese Oxide - LiMn2O4 (LMO) Graphite carbon Lithium…

1) For a defined driving cycle, calculate the energy required for braking.   The energy required for braking would be the same energy required for acceleration. Suppose the car accelerates to a certain speed; to bring that speed down to zero by hitting the brakes would be referred to as braking energy. Therefore,…

1) Why power electronics circuits are efficient? In practice, which types of losses occur in power electronics circuits?   What is power electronics? An application of electronics and circuitry that deals with the control and conversion of electrical power from one form to another. They function with the help of power…

1) Discuss about the equivalent circuit network of induction motor MATLAB model.             Working principle: An induction motor (IM) consists of a stationary component called a stator and a rotary component called the rotor. The stator consists of three coil windings to which 3-phase AC…

1) What is the difference between mapped and dynamic model of engine, motor and generator? How can you change model type?                                               Mapped (example):     …

1) What is the ratio of hill-climbing power required by fully loaded tata ultra truck to the half-loaded one? The following data is for TATA ULTRA-1014:   Fully loaded truck would be 10,400kg, whereas half-loaded would be 3400 + 7000/2 = 6900kg Since hill-climbing power is simply calculated by P = mgvsin`theta`,…

1) How is the induction motor operation similar to the clutch?    Clutch operation Induction Motor operation Mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission between driving and driven shaft Driving shaft is attached to the motor while the driven shaft produces the output power to move the wheels…

OBJECTIVES: Understanding the difference between 4 quadrant DC drives and H-bridge DC drives Constructing the inputs needed to run a 4 quadrant chopper and analysing the output    1) Run MATLAB demo ‘Speed control of a DC motor using BJT H-bridge’. Modify the model such that armature current doesn’t…

1) Which types of power converter circuits are employed in electric and hybrid electric vehicles? Type of power converter Description DC - AC converter (Inverter) DC power from the battery to AC power used in an EV induction motor. The inverter can change the speed at which the motor rotates by varying the frequency of…

1) Implement DC machine torque speed characteristics equations in MATLAB script file. It asks user to input data and plots speed (RPM) versus torque (Nm). A DC machine is an electromechanical alternation device, and it consists of a DC motor and a DC generator A DC motor converts electrical DC power from a voltage/battery/power…

1) For EV_defaults_in file, if cargo mass is 500 kg with all other default conditions, can the vehicle travel for 45 km with FTP drive cycle? Conclude your observations.   EV_defaults_in file was loaded Cargo mass set as 500kg All other parameters/conditions unchanged   FTP Drive Cycle Original distance…

1a) What should be the maximum speed of the motor used in an electric scooter capable to run at 90 kmph, if the fixed gear ratio is 7 and tire size is 90/100 R10 53J? Assume the following arrangement from motor to wheel:         From 90/100 R10 53J, it is deducible that the wheel diameter…

Aim: To carry out a system-level simulation of a BAJA ATV Objectives: Analyse all components and understand the relation and flow between the blocks Understand the different types of ways to model this BAJA ATV   An ATV is a small motor vehicle with three or four low-pressure tires designed for use on various types…

Objectives: Implementing the control logic of a washing machine using Stateflow Implementing the control logic of gear shift mechanism using Stateflow   Introduction: Stateflow can be best explained as a graphical representation of a machine consisting of states, transitions, and conditions. A stateflow chart can…

Objectives: Given an array of force and distance, determine the work done using SIMULINK Use MATLAB and SIMULINK together to implement an equation Studying the behaviour of 'Mass-Spring-Damper in Simulink and Simscape’ model   #Objective A:   Building the above coordinates using a signal builder:  …

Aim: Modeling a solenoid operated doorbell Modeling a thermistor operated automatic fan Objectives: Simulating a situation where the circuit switch is closed for 2 seconds and then released to observe the physical movement of the solenoid plunger hitting the doorbell Simulating a situation where a thermistor is used to…

Objectives: Plotting a function using Simulink blocks  Analysis of a simulink model   #Objective A: The function to be plotted is: `y(x) = (x-1)(x-3)^2(x-9)^2` Graphical result:   #Objective B: Analysis of 'Suspension System Comparison'  Theory and Background:            …

Aim: Finding the global maxima of the stalagmite function through optimization Objectives: Introduce the concept of genetic algorithm Showcasing the process of optimization through three progressive studies Plotting graphs to demonstrate the results Theory: Genetic algorithm is a search-based optimization technique based…

Aim: Write a program to perform curve fitting of linear and cubic polynomials given a large data set. Objectives: Plot linear and cubic fit curves along with the original data points Use splitwise method to see comparison of curve fitting with and without the method Calculate the error between original data and curve fit…

Aim: To construct, solve, and simulate a simple pendulum with damping Objective: Write the code to solve an ODE that represents the motion of a pendulum Plot displacement and angular velocity with respect to time Create an animation of the simulation Introduction: ODEs are used to describe the transient behaviour of engineering…

Aim: To construct and analyze an Otto Cycle Objectives: Plot a Pressure-Volume graph Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle Introduction: An Otto Cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that represents the functioning of Spark Ignition (SI) internal combustion engines. The ideal cycle approximates the processes of SI engines…

Aim: To simulate the forward kinematics of a 2R Robotic Arm using MATLAB   Objective: To write the code in MATLAB to simulate the forward kinematics of a 2R Robotic Arm Create an animation file of the plot   Description: Forward kinematics is the use of kinematic equations to control the position of the end-effector,…