NEED FOR  DISCRETIZATION SCHEMES: When it comes to discretization, the common method of discretization that is used, is the Central Differencing Scheme (CDS). But there is a primary difference. The CDS to obtain the discretized equations for diffusion and source terms across the boundaries will work well. The diffusion…

A. INTRODUCTION: This is the continuation (PART-2) of the \'Simulation of Pipe Flow\' project:   In this part, the simulation of the flow through a cylindrical pipe is done for differnet wedge angles and boundary conditions. The flow through a cylindrical pipe is based on pressure difference and the pressure…

OBJECTIVE: This project deals with obtaining the fourth order approximations of a second order derivative in general by following three schemes listed below and code a matlab program to compare the error obtained from these schemes and the actual analytical value. Central Difference Scheme (CDS)-[ Symmetric Scheme] Skew…

1. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this project is to solve and study the 2D heat conduction equation in the Steady and Transient state. The equation is given by: `frac{delT}{delt} = alpha[frac{del^2T}{delx^2}+ frac{del^2T}{dely^2}]` where `alpha` is the thermal diffusivity.By solving this equation, a heat simulation of…

A) INTRODUCTION: This project focuses on simulating Sod's ShockTube problem. The problem involves simulating the propagation of a normal shockwave inside a shock tube under experimental conditions. The shockwave is simulated using OpenFOAM using two different solvers: rhoCentralFoam (Density-based) and rhoPimpleFoam [sonicFoam]…

INTRODUCTION: Adiabatic Flame Temperature (AFT) is the maximum temperature attained by the products of a combustion reaction under adiabatic conditions. It is a very important design factor which is to be considered during designing of Nozzles, Combustion chambers, etc to decide upon the metallurgical constraint of the…

AIM: The main purpose of this this project is to simulate a case of Conjugate Heat Transfer. A CHT problem is set up on a flow through a composite pipe which consists of a solid outside layer and hollow inner layer through which the fluid flows.   A BRIEF BACKGROUND ABOUT CHT AND A NOTE ON SUPERCYCLING WITH GOVERNING…

INTRODUCTION: Sensitivity Analysis is a process to get a relationship between input parameters and output of the model. Eg. Effect of a particular species concentration of the adiabatic flame temperature.    In computational combustion, sensitivity has a separate system of ODE which has to be solved for obtaining…

INTRODUCTION: In this project, the flow over a backward facing step is simulated with icoFoam solver on OPENFOAM. The simulation is done for different mesh grading factors and compared. The grading factors used are 0.2, 0.5, 0.8.   B. THEORY: B1. ABOUT SOLVER IcoFoam solver solves the incompressibe Navier Stokes equations…

A. INTRODUCTION: This project involves simulation of 1D Quasi Supersonic Nozzle Flow using McCormack method. Nozzles are used to modify the flow of the fluid (increasing/decreasing the velocity as the expense of increasing/decreasing the pressure). Convergent-Divergent nozzles are used to create a supersonic flow (Mach…

A. INTRODUCTION: This project simulates the flow through a cylindrical pipe. The flow through a cylindrical pipe is based on pressure difference and the pressure difference is given by Hagen Poiseuille equation: `trianglep =frac{8muLQ}{piR^4}` where `triangleP`is the pressure difference between the lengths; L is length…

INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND: The given equations represent a reacting flow mechanism. Usually the ODE\'s of a reacting flow are stiff in nature, meaning the solution of the ODE varies rapidly and hence there is a need to choose `trianglet` in such a way that the solution does not go unstable. This is the main problem…

An Ordinary Differential Equation is a equation containing one or more functions of a single indepandent variable. Consider the equation of a simple undamped cylinder.   PHYSICAL STABILITY:  (When does a ODE become unstable?) If every solution `psi(t)` of the system close to `phi(t)` at initial time t = 0 remains…

A. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND: Auto-Ignition is the lowest temperature at which ignitions takes place. Auto-Ignition delay is the time required for the ignition to start provided the required combustion conditions. Ignition delay is usually in order of micro or milloi seconds. It depends on factors such as Temperature,…

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this project is to simulate the four strokes of a Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Engine. This is the part-2 of the PFI Engine simulation. This part covers the entire case set-up needed for the successful simulation of the PFI Engine in Converge CFD.   THEORY: 1) PFI BASED ENGINE Port Fuel Injection…

INTRODUCTION ON TURBO/SUPER CHARGING: Peformance of any engine is restricted by amount of air entering the cylinder. More the air available, more the fuel can be burnt and higher efficiency can be achieved. Naturally aspirated engine takes in air from the ambient and may face trouble in combustion and result in high emissions. …

INTRODUCTION TO FAST RUNNING MODEL (FRM): Fast Running Engine Models are dynamic, fully-physical engine models that are designed specifically to run fast. In typical industrial applications where multiple cases have to be run, solving a detailed model will cost a lot of resources and time. While performing calibrations…

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINE AFTER-TREATMENT: To maintain compliance with different emission norms, after-treatment techniques are used. In BS6, the allowed levels of emissions are 0.46 g/kWh of NOx, 0.01 g/kWh of PM for heavy vehicles. The main emissions for SI and CI engines are shown below along wiht the different…

INTRODUCTION TO DISCRETIZATON: GT Power computes its problems in 1D form ie., the properties keep changing along the flow and is constant at a particular cross section. To solve the governing N-S equations, the discretization has to be done along the direction of flow. The level of discretization that can be done is based…

PROBLEM STATEMENT:   To develop a Diesel Engine for commercial application with high fuel efficiency and in compliance with BS6 Emission Standards in GT-Power.    INTRODUCTION: Achieving upcoming BS-VI emission norms and satisfying customer demands is a very challenging task for the OEM's. There are…

OBJECTIVE:  The objective of this challenge is to set up a CFD simulation of flow through a Backward Facing Step using Converge. Backward Facing Step flow simulation serves as a benchmark problem in CFD for testing/validating the iterative solvers as a lot of experimental data is available. Sometimes the Backward…

OBJECTIVE:  In this challenge, the Prandtl Meyer Expansion Waves are investigated and simulated on Converge. An investigation on the fundamentals of shockwaves is also touched upon.   AN INVESTIGATION ON FUNDAMENTALS OF SHOCKWAVES AND ITS TYPES: Reference: Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications by…

OBJECTIVE:  In this challenge, a transient simulation of flow through an elbow-shaped channel containing a throttle plate is carried out using Converge. The challenge has two parts to it - The Steady-state simulation and Transient state simulation. The steady-state deals with the case where the throttle plate is at…

OBJECTIVE: In this challenge, a transient simulation of flow through a Shocktube is carried out using Converge. The effect of the shockwave is also recorded.   SOFTWARES USED: Converge Studio v3.0 Windows CMD and CYGWIN Paraview   A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SHOCK TUBE AND A NOTE ON REGIONS AND EVENTS: Shocktube:…

AN INTRODUCTION TO TURBULENCE MODELING: References:  Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications by Yunus Çengel, John M. Cimbala https://www.fluidmechanics101.com/   Turbulence is characterized by high frequency and random fluctuations in the velocity flow field. The instantaneous velocity in a turbulent…

OBJECTIVE:  In this challenge, a transient simulation of flow through a centrifugal pump is carried out using Converge. The performance curve of the pump is plotted and the efficiency of the pump is calculated at various mass flow rates. It is to be noted that the effects of cavitation are not considered in this challenge…

OBJECTIVE:  In this challenge, a transient simulation of flow through a supercharger is carried out for different mass flow rates using Converge. A plot between the total pressure ratio and the mass flow rate is generated.   SOFTWARES USED: Converge Studio v3.0 Windows CMD and CYGWIN Paraview   BRIEF WORKING…

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this project is to conduct a closed cycle analysis of CAT 3410 Diesel Engine and characterize its Performance and Emissions in Converge CFD. The closed cycle analysis is conducted for two different designs of Piston Bowl.    PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE: 1) CONVERGE CFD Converge CFD is a complete…

OBJECTIVE:  In this challenge, a transient FSI simulation of flow through the turbine of a turbocharger is carried out for different pressure ratios using Converge. The interaction of the fluid with the turbine wheel of the turbine is captured.   SOFTWARES USED: Converge Studio v3.0 Windows CMD and CYGWIN Paraview…

OBJECTIVE:  In this challenge, the phenomenon of Cavitation is simulated and studied in a diesel injector nozzle. A plot of the pressure difference across the nozzle vs cavitation zone length is drawn. The effect of the Cavitation on the mass flow rate supplied by the nozzle is studied.    SOFTWARES USED:…

OBJECTIVE:  In this challenge, a CFD study on a safety relief valve is carried out using Converge. The challenge is a two-part study, the first part being, a steady-state simulation to determine the max pressure corresponding to a given lift and the second part is a transient FSI simulation that is to be…

OBJECTIVE:  In this challenge, the turbulent mixing of two streams of fluid is to be simulated and studied in a mixing-Tee geometry. The primary aim is to run different cases and come up with the effects of using a higher momentum ratio and a longer Tee. The effectiveness of mixing is to be determined at…

OBJECTIVE:  The challenge aims at conducting an external flow simulation over a cylinder. The Vortex Shedding phenomenon is to be captured and related parameters such as the Strouhal Number of the transient lift, the coefficient of Lift, and the coefficient of Drag are to be determined. The variation of coefficient…

OBJECTIVE:  Simulation of External flow over the Ahmed body is conducted in this challenge. Parameters such as coefficient of lift and coefficient of drag are estimated and validated. The wake region is investigated. The Grid Independence test is conducted.   SOFTWARES USED: Ansys Fluent 2021 R1   AHMED…

INTRODUCTION TO OPTIMIZATION: Optimization is the process of minimizing, maximizing or achieving a certain target in a model's output/ response by systematically changing the one or more sensitive inputs/ factors and subjecting it to contraints. An optimizer is an automated process that iteratively…

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this challenge is to simulate Heat Transfer in an Exhaust Port using Ansys Fluent. The obtained Wall Heat Transfer Coefficient is compared with analytical relations. Temperature distribution contours are obtained.   CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER [CHT]: Modes of Heat Transfer: i) Conduction: Conduction…

OBJECTIVE: To simulate the Rayleigh Taylor Instability under two different criteria; One, To observe the instability with mesh refinement; Two, To understand the effect of density of the material used, on the instability.   SOFTWARE USED: Ansys Fluent 2021 R1   RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR INSTABILITY: The Rayleigh Taylor…

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this challenge is to simulate Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) in a Graphics Card using Ansys Fluent. The temperature distribution is to be obtained on the surface of the Graphics Card. The Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) is to be obtained on the surface of the fins and the GPU of the Graphics…

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this challenge is to simulate the 'sloshing' of the fluid inside a gearbox. This challenge is to be carried out in Fluent using the Volume of Fluid method with help of User-Defined Functions (UDF) that generates moving mesh in the gearbox.   SOFTWARE USED: Ansys…

OBJECTIVE: To perform a CFD analysis on a Cyclone Separator using the Discrete Phase Modelling (DPM) approach. The inlet mixture is a combination of Air and Anthracite particles. The discrete particle Separation Efficiency and the pressure drop that occurs across the separator are to be calculated.     SOFTWARE…

OBJECTIVE: To perform a parametric study on the lift of a gate valve wrt the % in Gate Opening using Ansys Fluent.    SOFTWARE USED: Ansys Fluent 2021 R1   GEOMETRY AND PHYSICAL MODEL: A Gate Valve is a hydraulic component that gives an outlet mass flow rate proportional to the opening of a gate present…

OBJECTIVE: To simulate combustion in a Combustor and plot the variation of the mass fraction of the different species using line probes at different locations of the combustor using Fluent. Emissions such as NOx and Soot are also plotted. The effect on the temperature and emissions onthe addition of water to fuel…