Objective: To write a program to solve the ODE that represents the equation of motion of a simple pendulum with damping and create animation. Schematic sketch of simple pendulum:     Simple pendulum ODE:    `(d^2theta)/dt^2+b/m*(d theta)/dt+g/l*sintheta=0`       where       `theta`=…

Objective: To write a code in MATLAB to optimise the stalagmite function and find the global maxima of the function. And Understand the process of GA. Theory: Introduction to Optimization: The field of optimization has evolved significantly over the past few decades. Several new theoretical, algorithmic, and computational…

Aim: To plot a P-V diagram of an Otto cycle and find the thermal efficiency by using Matlab Tool. Formulae: Swept Volume (`Vswept``: `pi/4*d^2*L` clearance volume (`Vc`): `(Vs)/(gamma-1)` compression Ratio (`r`)= `(V2)/(V1)` Thermal Efficiency of an engine (`eta``o`): `1-1/(r)^(gamma-1)` Adiabatic process:`pv^gamma=c`…

Aim:  To simulate the forward kinematics of a 2R Robotic Arm using Matlab tool. Theory: Robotic Arm: Robotic Arm is made up of mechanical linkages, which is programable to work in the required manner. The links are joined in such a way that to create rotational and translatory motion. The behaviour of the robot changes…

Objective: To write a code to fit a linear and cubical polynomial for the Specific Heat(cp) data. To write a code to show splitwise method. To explain the Parameters used to measure the fitness characteristics for the both the curves.  Theory:      Curve fitting: Curve fitting is a process of constructing…

Aim:  The main objective of this project is to write a code in matlab for parsing the NASA Thermodynamic data file and to calculate the thermodynamic properties of various gas species. File parsing: Parsing refers to syntactic analysis of the input code into its components perts in order to facilitate the writing…

Aim:    1.Calculation of drag force against a cyclist using Matlab Tool    2.Plotting a graph between velocity and drag force    3.Plotting a graph between drag coefficient and drag force Formulae: The formula used to calculate the drag force against a cyclist is Drag force`(Fd)=Cd.A.(rhov^2)/2` `(kg-m)/sec`…

Aim: To make a Simulink model of doorbell using solenoid block. To create a Simulink model of thermistor to sense the temperature of a heater. Software used:             MATLAB R2020a_SIMULINK Theory:                   …

Aim: Implement control logic of a “washing machine” using Stateflow. Make a Simulink chart for the “Gear shift” logic. Software used:         MATLAB R2020a_Simulink Theory:    1. Given conditions for "washing machine" Stateflow: If the power supply is available,…

Aim: To Create a Rankine Cycle Simulator using OCTAVE/MATLAB. Software Used: MATLAB R2020 Theory:   The Rankine cycle is a model used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems. It was also used to study the performance of reciprocating steam engines. The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic…

Aim:     By using ADVISOR tool, simulate the following  1. For "EV_defaults_in" file, if cargo mass is 500 kg with all other default conditions, can the vehicle travel for 45 km with FTP drive cycle? 2. In the above case, try changing the battery capacity and repeat the simulation. 3. Perform…

 Aim: 1. To calculate the ratio of Hill-Climbing power required by fully loaded tata ultra truck to the half-loaded one. 2. To calculate the minimum length of the flyover. 3. To Prepare a new drive cycle excel file. 4. To  Model the WOT (Wide Open Throttle) response of GM EV1 car.   …

  Aim:  To find the maximum speed of the motor (driver) & propulsion power of electric scooter.   Theory:  Tire nomenclature:                                    Load Index:  Load Index is the numerical…

Aim: What is the difference between mapped and dynamic model of engine, motor and generator? How can you change model type?  How does the model calculate miles per gallon? Which factors are considered to model fuel flow?  Run the HEV ReferenceApplication with WOT drive cycle. Change the grade and wind velocity…

Aim: 1. Implement DC machine torque speed characteristics equations in MATLAB script file. 2. Distinguish between power cables and signal cables. 3. What voltage levels are considered as high & low for a battery pack of electric vehicles?   Answer: 1. DC machine torque speed characteristics equations.    …

Aim: 1. To study the type of power converter circuits are employed in EV and HEV 2. To Calculate the EV steady state speed. 3. To Explain about Inductin motor vs DC brushless motor.     1.  Which types of power converter circuits are employed in electric and hybrid electric vehicle?   …

 Aim: Run MATLAB demo ‘Speed control of a DC motor using BJT H-bridge’. Modify the model such that armature current doesn’t shoot up when motor changes direction from forward to reverse.  Compare the 'Four-Quadrant Chopper DC Drive (DC7) block' with H-bridge model. Make a suitable EV model using…

Aim: Discuss about the equivalent circuit network of induction motor MATLAB model. Calculate the ratio of starting torque at half voltage & frequency to rated values. Make a MATLAB script file which will plot speed torque characteristics for frequency control method. Explain in brief about operation of BLDC motor.…

Aim: Why power electronics circuits are efficient? In practice, which types of losses occur in power electronics circuits?     Using a suitable MATLAB model, show how duty cycle control signal can be generated for a simple power converter circuit?  Make a comparison of square wave inverter output voltage…

Aim: For a defined driving cycle, calculate the energy required for braking. Why electric motor can’t develop braking torque at high speed similar to starting? How electric and mechanical brakes are coordinated?  Make a MATLAB program which plots contour of given motor speed, torque and efficiency values. …

Aim: Search and list out the total weight of various types of aircrafts.  Is there any difference between ground speed and air speed?  Why is it not recommended to use aircraft engine power to move it on the ground at Airport?  How an aircraft is pushed to runway when its ready to take off?   Learn…

Aim: To Create a MATLAB model of an Electric car. Objectives:         1. System level configurations        2. Model parameters        3. Results        4. Conclusion   Software used: MATLAB R2020a - Simulink     Bolck Diagram…

Aim: How hybrid electric cars can be operated more efficiently by autonomous driving system?  Derive transfer function of suspension system of a car and convert it state space format. Are the transfer functions of RC and CR (output across R) circuits same?   1. How hybrid electric cars can be operated more…

MATLAB commands related to transfer function, pole-zero-gain and step response:   Transfer function: Transfer function is the ratio of Laplace transformation of output to the Laplace transformation of input. Transfer function models describe the relationship between the inputs and outputs of a system using a ratio…

1. Tune Compensator for DC motor using Bode Diagram Graphical Tuning `G(s)= (1.5)/(s^2+14s+40.02)` Rise time of less than 0.5 sec Steady state error of less than 5% Overshoot of less than 10% Gain Margin is greater than 20db Phase Margin is greater than 40 deg By seeing the transfer function, one can understand it…

Aim: To Create a detailed MATLAB model of an Electric Rickshaw (three wheel passenger vehicle). Software used: MATLAB R2020a (Simulink) Objectives: Rear wheels driven by PM brushed type motor Assume efficiency points of motor controller and motor Make an excel sheet of all input and assumed data  Results: For any…

  Battery: A battery is a device which converts chemical energy contained within its active materials directly into electrical energy by means of electrochemical Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) reaction. This type of reaction involves the transfer of eectrons from one material to another via an electric circuit. It consisting…

Aim: To make a MATLAB script for the mathematical model of lead acid battery.  Software used: MATLAB R2020a Introduction: The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté and is the earliest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and…

From datasheet of a lithium ion battery (TENERGY 18650 2200mAh Li-Ion Cell)  configuring the generic battery model in MATLAB. Lithium-ion cell Datasheet: Company name: Tenergy Corporation Product Name: Tenergy Lithium Ion 18650 CellProduct Number: 30003Battery Model: 18650 2200mAhBattery Chemistry: Lithium Ion RechargeableDimension:Max…

Aim: To Simulate generic battery model charge discharge using UDDS data. Software used: MATLAB R2020a (Simulink) Drive cycle: A driving cycle is a series of data points representing the speed of a vehicle Vs time. Driving cycles are produced by different countries and organizations to assess the performance of vehicle…

Aim: To Make a MATLAB model of fuel cell powered electric vehicle. Introduction: Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are powered by hydrogen. They are more efficient than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and produce no tailpipe emissions—they only emit water vapor and warm air. FCEVs use a propulsion…

  SOC: The state of charge (SOC) of a cell denotes the capacity that is currently available as a function of the rated capacity. The value of the SOC varies between 0% and 100%. If the SOC is 100%, then the cell is said to be fully charged, whereas a SOC of 0% indicates that the cell is completely discharged.…

  How weakest cell limits the usable capacity of the battery pack? What is the solution?   Weakest cell limits the usable capacity of the battery pack, which is called imbalance of the battery pack. To avoid that we need to balance the battery pack. Common multiple cell configurations for Li-Ion cells in…

                                                                                       Thermal management…

  Aim: To prepare a Battery pack of capacity 18 kWh with ANR26650M1-B cell                                                                    …

Aim: To create a Simulink model of Vehicle Direction Detection as per the Requirement data.   Requirement - 1: Steering wheel input as yaw rate (Signal name: SteeringWheel_YawDegreeInput) is the input for this system. This is compared against 3 angular values, one each for left turn, right turn & straight…

                                           Adaptive Cruise Control   Aim: To develop an Adaptive Cruise Control feature as per the Requirement Document using MATLAB Simulink. Software used: MATLAB R2020a …

Aim: To Derive the following 4th order approximations of the second-order derivative with 1. Central difference 2. Skewed right-sided difference 3. Skewed left-sided difference   Introduction: The no.of nodes used in the equations used for the 4th order approximation were derived from the p+q method. Where p…

Aim: To Solve the 2D heat conduction equation by using the point iterative techniques for Steady state & Transient State heat conduction and write the code for both Explicit method & Implicit method. Given data: The Boundary conditions for the problem are as follows; Top Boundary = 600 K Bottom Boundary = 900 K…

                                                                  Simulation of a 1D Super-sonic nozzle flow simulation using Macormack Method Aim: To simulate…

                                                                  Simulation of a 1D Super-sonic nozzle flow simulation using Macormack Method Aim: To simulate…

  In CFD there are three commonly used numerical method based soolvers to solve the governing equations i.e.; Navier Stokes Equations.  These 3 methods are: Finite Element Method (FEM): The FEM is a particular numerical method for solving PDEs in two or three space variables. For solving a problem, the FEM subdivides…

1. Why there is a difference in the formula of variance for population and sample? Ans: The main difference between population variance and sample variance relates to calculation of variance. i.e.; There is a difference in the formula in the denominator, (N-1) is used in the denominator to reduce the bias. There are two…

1. Calculate all 4 business moments using pen and paper for the below data set?           First Business Moment - Mean: `mu = sum(X_i*P(X))` `mu = (0 times0.35)+(1 times0.25)+(2 times0.15)+(3 times0.15)+(4 times0.10)` `mu = 0+0.25+0.30+0.45+0.4` `mu=1.4`   Second Business Moment - Variance:…

Aim: To Simulate MATLAB BMS_Closedloop model. Software used: MATLAB R2020a (Simulink)  Battery Management System: The battery management system (BMS) is responsible for safe operation, performance, and battery life under diverse charge-discharge and environmental conditions. When designing a BMS the cell voltage and…

Aim: To simulate an incompressible-laminar-viscous flow through the backward facing step geometry in OpenFOAM.   Mesh specification Number of blocks = 5 Number of cells along the x direction (longer dimension) = 200 Number of cells along the longer y direction = 20 Boundary condition specification The…

Aim: To simulate an axi-symmetric flow by applying the wedge boundary condition using Matlab and OpenFoam. Assumptions: The flow is laminar and flows through a constant cross-section pipe at an inlet Reynold's number of 2100.  Wedge angle is less than `4^0` Diameter of the pipe is 0.01 m. Flow is axi symetrical.…

    Aim: To simulate an axi-symmetric flow by applying the symmetry boundary condition for three different angles using Matlab and OpenFoam. Angles to test: `10^0` `25^0` `45^0` Assumptions: The flow is laminar and flows through a constant cross-section pipe at an inlet Reynold's number of 2100.  Diameter…

Aim: To design a plate with a hole and determine the maximum deformation and stress developed in the model using Ansys Workbench.  Software used: Ansys Workbench 2020 R2 1. Plate with a hole: Designed a plate with a hole in SpaceClaim and used material as Structural steel.           …

Aim: To Simulate the bevel gear using cast iron, cast steel, and cast bronze to conclude which material you would recommend.   Software used: Ansys WorkBench 2020 R2 Geometry:      Mesh: Solution setup: Defined revolute joint to left gear and the Moment to the right gear and I have simulated 6…

Aim:  To simulate three different types of welding using three different weld materials ( Stainless Steel, Aluminium Alloy, Bronze).   Software: ANSYS Workbench - 2020 R2 Geometry:   Mesh: Mesh Size = 5 mm.   1. Material: Stainless steel The applied load is 1500 N   Directional Deformation:…

Aim: To perform the analysis to simulate a sphere pressing  4mm downwards on a plate and capture the plastic deformation.  Software:                    Ansys Workbench 2020 R2 Procedure: Select the 'Static structural' into the interface and input the…

  Aim: To simulate the rolling operation on a workpiece made of copper.   Procedure: Initially add the 'Static structural' to the interface.  Then add the 'copper' material to the engineering data. Next, import the CAD model to the geometry and open the SpaceClaim to edit the model.      …

  Aim: To perform a transient analysis on a piston and cam mechanism model with Frictionless contact Fractional contact with a coefficient of friction as 0.1 Frictional contact with a coefficient of friction as 0.2  Software used:                      …

Aim: to perform an analysis to simulate the bending of a wire in ANSYS by using Copper Alloy (Non-Linear), Aluminium Alloy (Non-Linear), and Magnesium Alloy (Non-Linear) for the wire alone.    Geometry:                         Contacts:  …

 Aim: To Multiply the bearing load by 5 times and compare the results with the load of 100000 N    Geometry:                  Contacts: Applied Frictional contact between wheel and rail and Frictionalless contact between shaft and wheel.      …