Lopifit E-Bike

 

ABSTRACT

Now a day’s exercises play an important role in human life. As we know the exercising will reduce the amount of excess calorie of the body and the metabolic activities of the body. When doing exercise, a large amount of human energy is get wasted. Our project is mainly aim to convert this energy into sufficient form and for making the exercise more convenient by a new design. For that we designed a Bicycle (Bike) where the pedal of the cycle is fully replaced by a treadmill. The treadmill will drive the rear wheels of the cycle via a belt drive, so that its need only the effort of exercising in treadmill to travel a short distance conveniently. A powerful generator (dynamo) and a battery is provided to the rotating parts of the Bike so that it can produce and store electrical energy during exercising or travelling. We can use this electrical energy in emergency situations such as power failure, it can light some lamps in a room and can give power for music systems, also helpful for travelling in Nights etc.

 

LITERATURE SURVEY

• Literature Review on Electric Bike

The main aim of this review paper is to present the idea of harnessing the various energy and use it in today’s existence of human life. For human being travelling has become vital. In order to sustain in this fast forward world, he must travel from place to place. It is very important that time taking for travelling should be less, also it should be economical and easily available. With the fast-depleting resources of petrol and diesel, there is need to find intermittent choice. Taking all this into account, a shift away from conventional based fuels to using renewable sources of energy is a must. Electric bike which can be driven with the help of battery and thus provide needed voltage to the motor. The focus of this report is to perform power calculations and system design of this electric Bike. This bike can be driven with the help of electricity or also with the help of solar energy. Therefore, the manufacturing of such bike is indispensable.

• R&D on Electric Bike

Sustainable and private mobility solutions for our world surroundings have traditionally rotated around the utilization of bicycles or provision of pedestrian facilities. An electric bicycle offers a cleaner various travel short – to-moderate distance rather than fossil fueled automotive. From conventional automobile for transport, we tend to experience issues like traffic congestion, parking difficulties and pollution from fossil fueled vehicles. It appears that only pedal power has not been sufficient to supplant the usage of petrol and diesel automotive to date, and therefore it is necessary to investigate both the reason behind continuous use of surroundings unfriendly transport and consider potential solutions. This paper represents the results from a year-long study into electric bicycle effectively. This paper identifies potential barriers of electric bicycle. Overcomes it by using innovative “redemption Springer forks” ahead suspension with motor for help.

• Electric bicycle using batteries and super capacitors

In this paper, a traction system useful for an autonomous Electric Vehicle of individual use is described. The developed system is constituted in a first approach by two different power sources: one is constituted by batteries or by fuel cells, and the other by super capacitors. This paper describes a technical solution joining and accomplishing the usage of two energy storage systems in the same traction system. In the developed system, the super capacitors run as component that store energy temporarily and that can be used to retrieve energy. Starting from the functional energy consumption is obtained. In order to characterize and design the system, this is described in detail, namely the super capacitors models, the battery, the power converters and the implemented strategy of control. According to the obtained results, a control strategy that allows an effective management of the stored energy in the system regarding the vehicle’s optimal functioning and increasing its autonomy is also presented and discussed. Based on experimental and simulation results, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed solution are presented.

 

INTRODUCTION

Bikes and bicycles are most pervasive forms of transportation in the world. Most children remember their first bike; with it came the chance to tour the world with more freedom than ever before. As we grow, however, bicycling becomes more than just a infancy rite of passage. Wind in our hair and feet on the pedals, we have some good reasons to climb on and take a trip. Much of the world uses bicycles as a primary form of day-to-day transportation. What would take several hours of travel on foot becomes faster and more effective on two wheels. Some cyclists take trips across entire states or cross-country only on a bicycle. Reaching speeds of 15 km or 30 km an hour is achievable by even beginning cyclists, while more skilled riders can reach speeds equivalent to automobile travel. Not to be constrained by simple transportation, bicycles have helped people become healthier by losing excess weight and improving cardiovascular fitness. The exercise benefits of cycling are well known. Using the largest muscles in the body, bicycling allows riders to reach aerobic heart rates that drive up metabolism and give a good workout. With the relative newcomer within the bicycle world, mountain bikes, this form of transportation is taking us on rough terrain once thought impassable by anything other than hiking boots or pack animals. Extreme sport enthusiasts have adapted the bicycle to perform gravity defying stunts, such as flips and midair acrobatics, in a style known as Bicycle Motor cross. In short, bikes remain a popular way to get people between points A and B, whether those destinations are found on a map, from one state of health to another, or to explore the unknown. Bicycle have become an important part of the scenery. Most people perceive the old chestnut, "as easy as riding a bike." Or we understand that some dormant skill is easy to pick back up if it's "just like riding a bike." Likewise, many now think about bicycles when we tend to produce Associate in nursing mention to "coasting", "picking up speed", or "going downhill". Because of technological advances in storage cells and electric propulsion systems in recent years and in response to the growing demand for clean, efficient methods of transportation in our urban communities, electric bicycle development and marketing has surged ahead, especially in Asia and Europe. E-bikes are not a replacement for conventional bicycles. However, they allow a greater number of people to travel on two wheeled vehicles. In the future, they could even become a means of locomotion that could substitute for the automobile, particularly in warmer weather. E-bikes are for everybody, especially those who are not very active in sports, those with physical disabilities and seniors. They are also for veteran cyclists who commute to work on conventional bicycles to save money on fuel but wish to avoid arriving at the office covered in perspiration.

 

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The bicycle generator is small, and a low torque is required to rotate its rotor. Here in the treadmill, instead of using one single large generator a number of small generators is used [9], which are electrically parallel connected and mechanically roller coupled.

In a treadmill, the belt moves on some cylindrical shape of rollers and those rollers are surrounded by the belt in both upper and lower sides. Each join side (left and right) of the roller is mechanically coupled with the rotor of a small DC generator such that as the roller rotates, the rotor also starts to rotate.

                                                             

                                                 

 

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

 

Calculation for Bearing Design:

 

Radial load (Fr) = 200 kg = 200 * 9.81 =1962 N

Axial load (Fa) ≈ 600 N (loading condition) Speed,

 

V=𝜋*D*N assuming (velocity 7.5km/hr.)

7.5 x 1000/60=𝜋*0.03*N

 

Speed (N) = 1326 rpm (as velocity varies speed also varies)

Dynamic load (C)

       Average life = 10000 hours

       Equivalent load (From Design data book)

                               Fe = (xFr+ yFa)

                                                     x & y = constant

                                                     ko= oscillation constant

                                                     ks = service factor

                                                     kp= preloading factor

                                                     kr= rotational factor

                              e =Fa/Fr =600/1962 = 0.34

                                                             e > 0.25 (For deep groove ball bearing)

                                                     x = 0.56, y = 1.

Assuming,

                                          ko= constant rotational speed of races = 1

                                          ks = light shock load = 1.5

kp= for no preloading bearing = 1 kr= outer races fixed & inner race is rotating = 1

Equivalent load;

                 Fe = (xFr+ yFa)

                      = (0.56 * 1962 +1.6 *600) *1.5

                 Fe = 3088.08 N

⸫ Dynamic load, C

 L = (c/Fe) n * Kref

                         Reliability is 50% as assumed life is 10000 hrs

                         Kref = Reliability Factor

                                 = 5.0

L = 60 million revolutions

n = index of ball bearing

60 = (c/3088)3*5.0

C = 7071.58 N

From design data book dynamic load above 7071.58 is8800 i.e.

From design data book considerable bearing (deep groove) is 0302 (as per standard diameter of shaft is 15 mm) .Light shock load (For SKF bearing it is 6302)

 

Calculation for Roller Design:

 

Load analysis of the selected material: -

Maximum applied load = 150kg = 1471.5 N

                Design of roller: - Maximum allowable load = 150 kg = 1471.5 N

                                                             Length of roller = 600 mm.

                                       Uniform distributed load= 2.45 N/mm (Consider simply supported load.)

Material: -

        Designation - C45

        Condition - Tubes, cold drawn and tempered.

         Yield strength (syt) - 600 N/mm^2

         Ultimate tensile strength (Sut) - 700 N/mm^2

  Ƭp = 0.3*Syt = 0.3*600 = 180 N/mm^2

                              Where,

                                    Ƭp = Permissible shear stress,

                                    Syt = Yield tensile strength.

  Ƭp = 0.18*Sut = 0.18*700 = 126 N/mm^2

                              Where,

                                     Ƭp = Permissible shear stress,

                                     Sut = Ultimate tensile strength.

Selecting whichever is smaller value – Ƭp = 126 N/mm^2

                    Assuming,

                     Kb =1.5 and Kt =1

                                    Where,

                                          Kb = bending stress factor

                                          Kt = life load factor

                P(KW) = 2TNT/60x10^6

                   1.5*1 =2xTx1326xT/60x10^6 (P = Kb*Kt)

                          T = 10802.37 N-mm.

          Mmax = (2.45*600) *300 = 441450 N-mm.

                                                             As per ASME code,

                     = πd^3Tp/16= ((Kb x M) ^2+(KtxT) ^2) ^1/2

 

                 𝑑3 = 26768.097

                  d = 29.91

                  d ≈ 30 mm.

 

 

 

 

 

DESCRIPTION OF TREADMILL COMPONENTS

ROLLER:

Roller is used to rotate the belt and used to reduce friction while walking or running and reduce the effort of a person and to produce maximum power.

                                                      

                                                         

 

BEARINGS:

Bearings are used to freely rotate rollers and to support the rollers to neglect friction. The bearings are pressed in rollers by means of punching press machine.

 

                                                       

BELT:

Belt is used in an assembly to build tension along the rollers to build friction among the extreme rollers and to provide moving mechanism for the treadmill and to actuate motion in the assembly for the rotation of the roller to transmit power to the AC motor to acquire desired current.

 

                                                                                                                     

WHEEL:

A wheel together with an axle overcomes friction by facilitating motion by rolling. A moment needs to be applied to the wheel by gravity or by application of external force for rotating the wheels. Mostly used in transport applications More generally the term is also used for other circular objects that rotate or turn, such as a Ship's wheel and flywheel.

 

                                                                          

ROTOR:

              Hub motor electromagnetic fields are provided to the stationary windings of the motor. The outer a part of the motor follows, or tries to follow, those fields, turning the connected wheel. In a brushed motor, energy is transferred by brushes contacting the shaft of the motor. Energy is transferred in a very brushless motor electronically, eliminating physical contact between stationary and moving components. Although brushless motor technology is costlier, most are more efficient and longer lasting than brushed motor systems.

A hub motor usually is designed in one of 3 configurations. Considered least practical is an axial-flux motor, where the stator coil windings are generally sandwiched between sets of magnets. The other 2 configurations are each radial designs with the motor magnets secured to the rotor; in one, the inner rotation motor, the rotor sits inside the stator, as in a conventional motor. In the other, the outer rotation motor, the rotor sits outside the stator and rotates around it. The application of hub motors in vehicular uses is still evolving, and neither configuration has become customary.

 

                                                                 

Electric motors have their greatest torque at startup, creating them ideal for vehicles as they need the most torque at startup too. The idea of "revving up" thus common with burning engines makes no sense with electrical motors. Their greatest force happens because the rotor initial begins to show, that is why electrical motors don't need a transmission. A gear-down arrangement could also be required, however in contrast to in a very transmission ordinarily paired with a combustion engine, no shifting is required for electrical motors.

BATTERY:

     The 3 primary functional elements of a lithium-ion battery are the positive and negative electrodes and electrolyte. Generally, the negative conductor of a conventional lithium-ion cell is created from carbon. The positive conductor may be a metal compound, and therefore the solution may be a lithium salt in an organic solvent. The electrochemical roles of the electrodes reverse between anode and cathode, depending on the direction of current flow through the cell.

The most commercially popular negative electrode is graphite. The positive electrode is usually one in every of three materials: a layered oxide (such as lithium cobalt oxide), a polyanion (such as lithium iron phosphate) or a spinel (such as lithium manganese oxide). Recently, graphene based electrodes (based on 2D and 3D structures of graphene) have also been used as electrodes for lithium batteries.

The electrolyte is typically a mixture of organic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate containing complexes of lithium ions.[78] These non-aqueous electrolytes generally use non-coordinating anion salts such as lithium hex fluor phosphate (LiPF6), lithium hexa fluor arsenate hydrate (LiAsF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium tetra fluoroborate (LiBF4), and lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3).

Depending on materials choices, the voltage, energy density, life, and safety of a lithium-ion battery can change dramatically. Recently, novel architectures exploitation nanotechnology is employed to enhance performance. Drastic change can lead to reverse polarities which are dangerous. Pure lithium is highly reactive. It reacts vigorously with water to form lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and hydrogen gas. Thus, a non-aqueous electrolyte is often used, and a sealed container rigidly excludes moisture from the battery pack.

 

                                                       

Lithium-ion batteries are more expensive than NiCd batteries but operate over a wider temperature range with higher energy densities. They need a protecting circuit to limit peak voltage.

Parameter	Corresponding factor/value
Type	Li-ion
Voltage	12 V
Max. Continuous Discharge current	15A
connected in	Series
Amp-Hour Rating	20 Ah
Discharge cutoff voltage	10 V

          Specifications of battery

 

VIEWS OF MODEL

 

                           

 

                                               

 

                               

                                                                      

ANALYSIS

CENTRE OF GRAVITY CALCULATIONS:

• For plane figures center of gravity is determined by Area method:

                                               

                                               

 

 

• For solid bodies the center of gravity s determined by Volume method:

 

                                                 

 

 

• NOTE:The above formulas are only suitable for components having same material.

2. If the body is consisting of two or more different materials with two or more different shapes, consider the weights in place of volumes.
3. This is because of density varies from material to material.

 

                                             

 

                                             

where;

            m is mass of the body in Kg

            g is acceleration due to gravity in N/m^2

            is density of material in Kg/m^3

            w is weight of the component in N

            W is the overall weight of the vehicle N

 

                                     

• Location of center of gravity from x-axis:

        Taking moment about point ‘B’ from above figure:

 

                                                                     

• a & b gives the location of center of gravity from front and rear tyre center.

 

• Location of center of gravity from y-axis:

        Keeping front tyre stationary and raised the rare wheel to certain height (δh) with angle (`θ`)

 

                                                                   

Taking moment about point ‘O’:

                                                               

                                                             

                                       

• Height of center of gravity from ground (Hg):

        Let,  θ=45 degrees

                                                                 

       wkt,

                                                                           

       wkt,

                                                               

       Therfore, Height of centre of gravity from ground (Hg) Y-axis is 335.0001925 mm

                  

CONCLUSION

This vehicle completely utilizes the idea of fuel-saving vision, which is the major important requirement of this polluting era .It is a low cost vehicle, easy to operate and low maintenance solution. Treadmill bicycle can be used for travelling over short distances. One can also exercise while travelling over short distance. Treadmill bicycle does not require any fuel. Therefore it does not emit any pollutants. So it is an eco-friendly vehicle. The need for exercise to inhibit bone and muscle atrophy in low gravity makes the treadmill generator a possible concept for future extraterrestrial environments as a secondary source of power. This vehicle reduces the unnecessary usage of fuel for short distances. Pedestrians those who use this vehicle for shorter distances can save a lot of fuel and control the environment from pollution. It can be helpful for pedestrian cops. Treadmill bicycle can be used in open markets, large offices, malls, large campuses, industries etc. 

REFERENCES

• V.R. Gandhewar, Priyanka H. Kakade and H.S. Lankar “A Review Paper On Concept And Utility Of Treadmill” international journal of innovative research in science and engineering (march 2017): 406-410
• Harsh Mankodi, “Analysis of a Treadmill Based Human Power Electricity Generator”, Submitted under the supervision of Prof. Rusen Yang to the University Honors Program at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering, cum laude. June 30, 2012.