Boeing-747 _ Final_Project
AIM AND OBJECTIVE:
• To sketch and model every exterior part of the Boeing 747-8 Aircraft under the part modelling and surface modelling environment using the Solid works.
• To assemble the modelled parts in the assembly environment.
• To create a photo realistic rendering of the Boeing 747-8 Aircraft using Photoview 360.
[] INTRODUCTION OF BOEING 747-8:
The Boeing 747-8 is a wide body airliner developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the latest and largest variant of the 747 family. After introducing the 747-400. Boeing considered larger 747 versions as alternatives to Airbus A3XX The stretched 747 Advanced program was launched as the 747-8 on November 14,2005, for a market forecast of 300 aircraft. The cargo version was first delivered in October 2011 and the airliner began commercial service in June 2012. Its fuselage is stretched by 18 ft (5.6m) to 250 ft (76.3m), making it the longest airliner until the 777X-9 which first flew in 2020.
On November 14, 2005, Boeing announced launching the 747 advanced as the "Boeing 747-8%: The 747-8 was intended to use the sameengine and cockpit technology as that of the 787, including the General Electric GEnx turbofan and fly by wire ailerons and spoilers. Boeing states that the 747-8 is more than 10 percent lighter per seat and consumes 11 percent less fuel per passenger than the A380, translating a trip cost reduction of 21 percent and a seat mile cost reduction of over 6 percent.
The airliner version can carry 467 passengers in a typical three class configuration over a range of 7790 nautical miles (14430 km), at the cruise speed of 0.86 mach (914km/hr).
Length 76.3m
Height 19.4m
Wingspan 68.4m
Maximum take-off weight (MTOW) 4,7,696 kg
Maximum Landing Weight (MLW) 3,12,072 kg
Maximum Taxi Weight (MTW) 4,49,056 kg
Power-plant 4x GEnx-2B67
Engine-Model General Electric GEnx
Solidworks Introduction - SolidWorks is a solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) computer program that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows.
Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. Relations are used to define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity. The parametric nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive the geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships to other parameters inside or outside the sketch.
In an assembly, the analog t sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch relations define conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to sketch geometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts or components, allowing the easy construction assemblies. SolidWorks also includes additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower mates, which allow modeled gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the rotational movement of an actual gear train.
SolidWorks allows saving 3D Model information in step format, which lets the model be displayed and modified in other platforms from other vendors.
[] DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Solidworks commands used
(A) Part
1-Sketching tool-Sketching tools are used to draw 2D sketch on any planes and surfaces. It includes tools such as line, circle, rectangle .etc.
2-Smart dimensions - This is used to add dimensions to the sketch which was drawn using sketching tools. Dimensions can be apply in any units such as m, cm, mm, etc., depends on our interest of model.
3- Reference plane - Reference plance is used to create planes on any surface of the model. In this plane, we can draw another sketch as per requirement of the model.
4- Convert entities - Converts selected model edges or sketch entities into sketch segments.
5-Offset entities - Add sketch entities by offsetting faces, edges, curves, or sketch entities a specified distance.
6-Extruded boss/base-This command is used to convert 2D sketch into 3D.
7- Revolved boss/base-Revolves a sketch or selected sketch contours around an axis to create a solid features.
8-Swept boss/base-Sweeps a closed profile along an open or closed path to create a solid feature.
9-Lofted boss/base-Adds material between two or more profiles to create a solid features.
10-Extruded Cut-Cuts a solid model by extruding a sketched profile in one or two directions.
11-Revolved cut-Cuts a solid model by revolving a sketched profile around an axis.
12-Linear pattern - Patterns features, faces and bodies in one or two linear directions. This includes also circular pattern, mirror, curve driven patterns, sketch driven patterns, etc.
13-Fillet - Creates a rounded internal or external face along one or more edges in solid or surface features. It also includes chamfer fillet type.
14-Draft - Tapers model faces by a specified angle, using a neutral plane or parting line.
15- Shell - Removes material from a solid body to create a thin walled features.
16-Mirror - Mirrors features, faces and bodies about a face or a plane.
17-Extruded surface-Creates an extruded surface.
18 - Revolved surface - Revolve is a method of defining three-dimensional geometry by revolving a sketched section around a centerline. A revolved section requires an axis of revolution that can be created either with the section or defined by selecting model geometry.
19-Swept surface - Creates a surface features by sweeping an open or closed profile along an open or closed path.
20- Lofted surface-Creates a lofted surface between two or more profiles.
21-Offest surface-Creates offset surfaces using one or more contiguous faces.
22 - Edit appearance - Edit the appearance of entities in the model.
23 - View orientation - Changes the current view orientation or number of viewports. Can be viewed from top, side, front, etc. 22-Display style - Changes the display style for the active view. This includes shaded with edges, shaded, hidden lines removed, hidden
lines visible, wireframe.
(B) Assembly
1 - Edit component-Toggles between editing a pat or a subassembly and the main assembly.
2 - Insert component - Adds an existing part or subassembly to the assembly.
3- Mate - Position two components relative to one another.
4- Linear component pattern - Patterns components in one or two linear directions. This command includes linear component pattern, circular component pattern, etc.
5 - Move components - Moves a component within the degrees of freedom define by its mates. It includes move and rotate component.
6-Show hidden component- Temporarily show all hidden components and make selected hidden components visible.
7- Reference geometry- Reference geometry commands.
[] PARTS OF BOIENG 747-8
o Fuselage
o Belly Fairing
o Nose Cone
o Pitot Tubes
o Cockpit Windows
o Windshield Wipers
o Passenger Windows Doors & Hatches
o Lights & Antennas
o Auxiliary Power Unit (ALU)
o Vertical Stabilizer
o Horizontal Stabilizer
o Wings
o Flaps & Ailerons
o Flap Track Fairings o Landing Gear Axis
o Landing Gear Hatches Closed Landing Gear Hatches Opened
o Wheel
o Nose Gear Base
o Nose Gear suspension Arm
o Main Gear Base
o Main Gear suspension Arm
o Engine
o Livery
[] Description Of Parts Of BOEING 747-8
1. Blueprint-Setup:
• There are three different views used in the blueprint setup (Front, Side and Top view). By using the Sketch picture option, the images are inserted and the required dimensions are given to it. By locking the feature of blueprints in the Feature-Manger Tree, we make sure that the changes are not made in the blueprints sketch by mistake.
Tools used:
1. Reference geometry-Planes
2. Fuselage:
The Fuselage is an aircraft's main body section. It holds crew, passengers, and cargo. In single-engine aircraft, it will usually contain an engine, as well, although in some amphibious aircraft the single engine is mounted on a pylon attached to the fuselage, which in turn is used as a floating hull. The fuselage also serves to position control and stabilization surfaces in specific relationships to lifting surfaces, which is required for aircraft stability and maneuverability.
Tools & Feature used : Surface Loft , Mirror , Thicken , Convert Entities , Fillet & Reference Plane.
3. Belly Fairing:
The belly fairing is a structure whose primary function is to produce a smooth outline and reduce drag. These structures are covers for and spaces between parts of an aircraft to reduce form drag and interference drag. It is also called "Ventral-Fairing": It is located on the underside of the fuselage between the main wings. It can also cover additional cargo storage or fuel tanks and it als gives space to body landing gears.
Tools & Feature used : Extrude Boss/Base , Split , Mirror , Fillet & Combine
4. Nose Cone:
Found at the foremost point of an aircraft, a nose cone must be aerodynamic in order to reduce drag on a plane. On most commercial and military aircraft, the nose cone also houses radar and other instruments that might be used to detect meteorological phenomena, track enemy aircraft or transmit communication signals.
The Ribs which are available in the Nose cone are conductive strips drain stack electricity to the middle hole aft of the cone. Nose itself is made of quartz insulator.
On airliners the nose cone is also a radome protecting the weather radar from aerodynamic forces.
Tools & Feature used : Split Line , Sweep Boss/Base & Mirror
5. Pitot Tubes:
Pitot tubes are also known as pitot probes. Pitot tube is a flow measurement device used to measure fluid flow velocity.Pitot tube is widely used to determine the air speed of the aircraft.
Basically, a pitot tube is used in wind tunnel experiments and on airplanes to measure flow speed. It's a slender tube that has two holes on it. ... The side hole measures the static pressure. By measuring the difference between these pressures, you get the dynamic pressure, which can be used to calculate airspeed.
There are four pitot tubes available in the Boeing 747-8 Aircraft. Two pitot tubes are placed in the right side of the aircraft and other two on the other side of the aircraft.
The Pitot-static system is used to determine and display
Airspeed
Mach number
Altitude Altitude trend
Tools & Feature used : Extrude Boss/Base , Reference Axis , Champher , Sweep Boss/Base , Mirror , Convert Entities , Extrude Cut
6) Cockpit Windows
A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the front of an aircraft, from which the pilot controls the whole aircraft. It contains flight instruments on an instrument panel, and the controls that enable the pilot to fly the aircraft.
Cockpit windows may be equipped with a sun shield. Most cockpits have windows that can be opened when the aircraft is on the ground. Nearly all glass windows in large aircraft have an antireflective coating, and an internal heating element to defrost the ice if any. Ergonomics and human factors concerns are important in the design of modern cockpits.
There are two main functions of cockpit:
1. To provide the pilot with a good angle of view.
2. To make all control mechanisms accessible to them.
How strong is the cockpit window?
The cockpit window glass is approximately 6 centimetres thick and is reinforced with various chemicals. These glasses consist of several layers and can withstand temperatures ranging from -60 degrees to 40 degrees Celsius.
It is impossible for the glass to crack completely under normal conditions. Under extreme conditions, only first layer of the window breaks.
Tools & Feature used : Extruded Boss/Base, Fillet, Thicken, Offset Surface ,& Mirror
7. Windshield Wipers:
Wipers are potentially used in take off and landings. Wipers of aircraft have different speed settings as in the cars.
Windshield wipers, still in use even on the Boeing 747, are highly effective at sweeping rain and snow away from aircraft windshields, but with the higher speeds of jets, other innovative methods were employed to maintain good pilot visibility during approaches and departures in bad weather.
Tools & Feature used : Extruded Boss/Base, Fillet , Project Curve , 3D sketch , Shell , Move/Copy .
8. Passenger Windows:
A cabin window consists of three panes,
1. An outer pane flush with the outside fuselage
2. An inner pane-Which has a little hole in it
3. A thinner non-structural plastic pane called scratch pane.
The main thing to know in the aircraft cabin windows are not made of glass, but with something called "stretched acrylic".
Boeing 747-8 aircraft has 250 passenger windows. The outer pane is 12mm thick and the inner pane 4mm thick. They are separated by a 6mm edge chamfer.
Tools & Feature used : Block , Split Line & Pattern
9. Doors & Hatches:
There are 6 doors on each side of the Boeing 747-8.The top above the cockpit the cockpit escape hatch is placed. On the right side of the fuselage there are 3 hatches available. One at the front two at the rear side of the fuselage.
The plug door is often seen on aircraft with pressurized cabins. Due to the air pressure within the aircraft cabin being higher than that of the surrounding... with multiple pins or hatch dogs to prevent opening while in flight.
Tools & Feature used : Block , Split Line , Pattern, Surface offset , thicken
10. Lights & Antennas:
There are 2 lights and 3 antennas as created in the Boeing 747-8 mode. The lights are on the back side of the cockpit. The two antennas are in the top of the fuselage and one in the beneath of the fuselage.
Aircraft use collision avoidance lighting systems to warm other aircraft of their presence. These lights include landing lights, red or white flashing beacons, wingtip strobes, and wingtip navigation lights. The wingtip navigation lights are required to consist of a red light on the left wingtip and a green light on the right wingtip. Landing lights are used during the descent and approach to landing, and at other times if deemed necessary by the flight crew or operator.
Most aircraft VHF communications antennas are Marconi antennas. They are vertically polarized and create a field that is omnidirectional. On fabric skinned aircraft, the ground plane that makes up the second one-fourth wavelength of the antenna must be fashioned under the skin where the Marconi antenna is mounted.
There are different types of antennas available in the aircraft. The following are the common antennas available.
Communications Antennas
16 GPS Antennas
Loran Antennas
Loop Antennas
Marker Beacon Antennas
Nav Antennas
Radio Altimeters
o UHF Antennas
Tools & Feature used : Extrude Boss/Base , Revolved Boss/Base , Split & Draft Xpert
11. Auxiliary Power Unit (APU):
An auxiliary power unit (APU) is a device on a vehicle that provides energy for functions other than propulsion. They are commonly found on large aircraft and naval ships as well as some large land vehicles.
An aircraft auxiliary power unit serves as an additional energy source normally used to start one of the main engines on an airliner or business jet. The APU is equipped with an extra electrical generator to create enough power to operate onboard lighting, galley electrics and cockpit avionics, usually while the aircraft is parked at the gate. Drawing bleed air from its own compressor, an APU also drives the environmental packs used to heat and cool the aircraft.
And most important, operating an APU negates the need to start one of the aircraft's main engines while waiting for passengers to arrive, thereby saving on fuel and maintenance for a more expensive power plant.
APU produces 150 Volts 400 to 500 Hertz current to operate the aircraft systems.
Tools & Feature used : Extrude Boss/Base , Cut Extrude & Dome
12. Vertical Stabilizer:
The stabilizers job is to provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The vertical stabilizer keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side, which is called yaw. The horizontal stabilizer prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose, which is called pitch.
A vertical stabilizer, vertical stabiliser, or fin of an aircraft, missile, bomb, or car are typically found on the aft end of the fuselage or body, and are intended to reduce aerodynamic side slip and provide direction stability. It is analogous to a skeg on boats and ships.
On aircraft, vertical stabilizers generally point upwards. These are also known as the vertical tail, and are part of an aircraft's empennage. This upright mounting position has two major benefits: The drag of the stabilizer increases at speed, which creates a nose-up moment that helps to slow down the aircraft and prevent dangerous overspeed; and when the aircraft banks, the stabilizer produces lift which counters the banking moment and keeps the aircraft upright in the absence of control input. If the vertical stabilizer was mounted on the underside, it would produce a positive feedback whenever the aircraft dives or banks, which is inherently unstable. The trailing end of the stabilizer is typically movable, and called the rudder, this allows the aircraft pilot to control yaw.
Tools & Feature used : Extrude Boss/Base , Cut Extrude & Projected Curve
13. Horizontal Stabilizer:
At the rear of the fuselage of most aircraft one finds a horizontal stabilizer and an elevator. The stabilizer is a fixed wing section whose job is to provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The horizontal stabilizer prevents up-and-down, or pitching, motion of the aircraft nose.
The elevator is the small moving section at the rear of the stabilizer that is attached to the fixed sections by hinges. Because the elevator moves, it varies the amount of force generated by the tail surface and is used to generate and control the pitching motion of the aircraft. There is an elevator attached to each side of the fuselage. The elevators work in pairs; when the right elevator goes up, the left elevator also goes up. This slide shows what happens when the pilot deflects the elevator.
Tools & Feature used : Extrude Boss/Base , Cut Extrude & Projected Curve
14. Wings:
A wing is a type of fin that produces lift, while moving through air or some other fluid. As such, wings have streamlined cross-sections that are subject to aerodynamic forces and act as airfoils. A wing's aerodynamic efficiency is expressed as its lift-to-drag ratio. The lift a wing generates at a given speed and angle of attack can be one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total drag on the wing. A high lift-to drag ratio requires a significantly smaller thrust to propel the wings through the air at sufficient lift.
An airfoil or aerofoil is the shape of a wing, blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine), or sail (as seen in cross-section).
Aircraft wings may feature some of the following:
A rounded leading edge cross-section
A sharp trailing edge cross-section
*Leading-edge devices such as slats, slots, or extensions
• Trailing-edge devices such as flaps or flaperons (combination of flaps and ailerons)
9 Winglets to keep wingtip vortices from increasing drag and decreasing lift Dihedral, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal, increases spiral stability around the roll axis, whereas anhedral, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, decreases spiral stability.
15. Flaps & Ailerons:
A flap is a high-lift device used to reduce the stalling speed of an aircraft wing at a given weight. Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a fixed-wing aircraft. Flaps are used to reduce the take-off distance and the landing distance. Flaps also cause an increase in drag so they are retracted when not needed.
The flaps installed on most aircraft are partial-span flaps; spanwise from near the wing root to the inboard end of the ailerons.
An aileron is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or movement around the aircraft's longitudinal axis), which normally results in a change in flight path due to the tilting of the lift vector. Movement around this axis is called 'rolling' or 'banking.
Boeing 747-8 has two flaps and two ailerons in both the wings.
Tools & Feature used : Cut Extrude , Reference Plane , Split Line
16. Flap Track Fairings:
A flap is a high-lift device used to reduce the stalling speed of an aircraft wing at a given weight. Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a fixed-wing aircraft. Flaps are used to reduce the take-off distance and the landing distance.
Boeing 747-8 has 8 flap track fairings 4 in the right side wing and 4 in the left side wing.
Tools & Feature used : Extrude Boss/Base , Split Line , Move/Copy
17. Landing Gear Hatches Closed:
Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft and may be used for either takeoff or landing. For aircraft it is generally needed for both. It was also formerly called alighting gear by some manufacturers, such as the Glenn L. Martin Company. For aircraft, Stinton makes the terminology distinction undercarriage.
For aircraft, the landing gear supports the craft when it is not flying, allowing it to take off, land, and taxi without damage. Wheeled landing gear is the most common with skis or floats needed to operate from snow/ice/water and skids for vertical operation on land. Faster aircraft have retractable undercarriages, which fold away during flight to reduce drag.
Some unusual landing gear have been evaluated experimentally. These include: no landing gear (to save weight), made possible by operating from a catapult cradle and flexible landing deck, air cushion (to enable operation over a wide range of ground obstacles and water/snow/ice), tracked (to reduce runway loading).
18. Landing Gear Hatches Opened:
Landing Gear hatches will be basically open when the aircraft landings. This will be in the open condition only when the aircraft is in the land.
The landing gear hatches will be closed once the aircraft takes off, the landing gear goes inside and the hatches will be closed.
Tools & Feature used : Split Line , Surface Offset , Thicken , Surface sweep & Mirror
19. Engine:
An aircraft engine, often referred to as an aero engine, is the power component of an aircraft Air propulsion system. Most aircraft engines are either piston engines or gas turbines, although in recent years many small UAVs have used electric motors.
In commercial aviation the major Western manufacturers of turbofan engines are Pratt & Whitney, General Electric, Rolls-Royce, and CFM International.
A turbojet is a type of gas turbine engine that was originally developed for military fighters during World War II. A turbojet is the simplest of all aircraft gas turbines. It consists of a compressor to draw air in and compress it, a combustion section where fuel is added and ignited, one or more turbines that extract power from the expanding exhaust gases to drive the compressor, and an exhaust nozzle that accelerates the exhaust gases out the back of the engine to create thrust.
"The engine provides 66,500lb of thrust."... The engine selected for the aircraft is the GEnx-2B67, the General Electric next-generation engine. The design of the 747-8 aircraft engine is a slightly modified variant of the GEnx engine developed for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft. The engine provides 66,500lb of thrust.
Tools & Feature used : Revolve , Split , Cir-Pattern & Revolve Thin
20. Livery:
An aircraft livery is a set of comprehensive insignia comprising color, graphic, and typographical identifiers which operators (airlines, governments, air forces and occasionally private and corporate owners) apply to their aircraft.
[] Nose Gear Assembly.
Nose gear has parts like Nose Gear base, Suspension Arms and Wheels.
The parts are initially modeled and the parts are inserted into the assembly environment and the sub assembly is created for the Nose gear.
In the Boeing 747-8 one Nose gear assembly is used. There are two wheels in the nose gear assembly.
[]Main Gear Assembly:
The Main Gear Assembly consists of the main gear base, two main gear suspension arms and four wheels.
The parts for the main gear assembly are created initially then the parts are inserted into the assembly environment and Main Gear assembly is created.
There are four main landing gears available in the Boeing 747-8. Each landing gear consists of four wheels. All the main landing gears are in the nearer to the rear side of the fuselage.
[] Boeing 747-8 Assembly:
After completing the livery part the main body (Fuselage with all parts) are inserted into the assembly environment. Then the engine is inserted to the assembly.
The engine is assembled with the main body by applying the coincidence and distance mates between the engine and fuselage planes.
Then by using the move/copy command other engines are created in the Assembly.
The same steps are followed for the Nose Gear and Main Gear assembly. The mate conditions are created between the Main, Nose Gear sub assembly and the Fuselage.Finally the Boeing 747-8 is assembled.
There are different types of mates used in this project to assemble the parts together. The following are the amte conditions used in the assembly.
• Coincident mate
Concentric mate
Distance mate
Angular mate
Gear Mates.
Gear mates are one of the important mates and condition plays a major role in the movements of the landing gear. The gear mate is applied between the landing gears. If we move the Nose gear assembly the Main gear assembly also moves as same as the real one. The gear ratio is provided between the mates because of this ratio the gears will have moved in the proper manner.
