Project-1: Modelling an electric Car with Li-ion battery

Create a MATLAB model of electric car which uses lithium ion battery and suitable motor. Choose suitable blocks from Simscape or Powertrain block set. Implement the vehicle speed control using PI controller and generate brake and accelerator commands. Avoid using readymade driver block for speed control.

Prepare a report about your model including following:

Objectives, System level configurations, Model parameters, Results, Conclusion.

(Note- The simulink model file should be compulsorily attached)

 

  AIM : 

            To create matlab of electric vehicle car using Lithium Ion battery simscape powertrain block set and using vehicle speed control device of PI controller and generator  brake and accelerator commands all System level configurations, Model parameters, Results, Conclusion.

 

Objectives: 

       1. System level configurations

       2. Model parameters

       3. Results

       4. Conclusion

 

               Design of an electric vechile to electric car which uses a battery and DC motor. this electric vehicle body of powertain block set.

        Theory of Electric Vehicle :

      The electric vechicle to using the DC  motor this electric motor is a input of using electric power. the power is conventional vehicl power using power source. but gas using cars is  most of internal combustion engine, so EV is moving. to electric motor is running the wheels. this motor is using direct current DC in to alternating current AC. EV is single speed transmission power from motor. EV is very efficient and controle the pollution. the mostly two types of vehicl is used combustion engine and electric motor.

       electric vehicl is motor running process is using to stored battery powe, this battery power is the direct current DC so invert the DC to altrnating current AC in to electric motor. motor is electric energy convert in to electromagnetic energy converting.

     the vehicle is power source is recived electricty from vechile source to battery solar panels fuel cells electric generator this all sourec collecting to the electricty. EV architecher of the complete cycle of the working arrangement of the component placed in a sequence and while designing a vehicle balance in performance.

     ELECTRIC VEHCICL BLOCK DIAGRAM :          

          to EV the main component is used in electric vehicle is used 

1) battery 

2) motor controller

3) motor 

4) transmission

5) wheels 

6) vehicl body

    

     Battery :

            A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. the chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material electrode to another through an external circuit. the flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work this battery is working in chemical energy to electric energy. electric power stoed in direct curren DC power.       

        

 this is the battery cell number of battery cell used some type of battery is avalible batyery. type's

1) lithium-ion batteries and 2) alkaline batteries and 3) nockel metal hydride (NIMH) batteris.

Currently used in lithium-ion batterie used in create electric cars model 

      lithium-ion batteries  :  this lithium-ion battery is products auch as electronics, combonents working and functions some application of small and large application of electric vehicles and electrical energy storage device system. lithium-ion batteries is charge faster, last longer, and have a higher power density for more battery life in a lighter package.

                         

Working Principle of Lithium-ion Battery :

                 Lithium-ion batteries work on the rocking chair principle. Here, the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy takes place with the help of redox reactions. Typically, a lithium-ion battery consists of two or more electrically connected electrochemical cells. When the battery is charged, the ions tend to move towards the negative electrode or the anode. When the battery gets completely discharged, the lithium ions return back to the positive electrode, i.e., the cathode. This means that during the charging and discharging process, the lithium ions move back and forth between the two electrodes of the battery, which is why the working principle of a lithium-ion battery is called the rocking chair principle.

       

Working of Lithium-ion Battery :

                        A battery typically consists of two electrodes, namely, anode and cathode. Cathode forms the positive terminal of the battery and anode is dedicated as the negative terminal. The cathode of a lithium-ion battery is mainly composed of a lithium compound, while the prime element of the anode is graphite. When the battery is plugged in with an electric supply, the lithium ions tend to move from the cathode to the anode, i.e., from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. This is known as charging the battery. During the discharge phase of the battery, the movement of the lithium ions gets reversed from anode to cathode, i.e., from negative electrode to positive electrode, and the electrical energy gets transmitted to the attached load.

Uses of Lithium-ion Battery :

    1) Cellular device,

    2) power banks,

    4) medical devices,   

    5) camera,

    6) usp and robots.

Advantages of Lithium-ion Battery :

Lithium-ion batteries have a significantly low self-discharge rate as compared to the other type of batteries.

2. They have a high energy density.

3. There exists no memory effect in lithium-ion batteries.

4. The average life span of lithium-ion batteries is ten times more than the traditional lead-acid batteries

5. The charging rate of lithium-ion batteries is high.

6. Lithium-ion batteries work efficiently under extreme conditions such as high pressure and temperature fluctuations.

     The electric vechile controll is the electronics package that operates between the batteries and the motor to control the electric vechile's speed and acceleration much like a carburetor does in a gasoline powered vehicle. to controlle the vehicle speed and all other function is of motor to all controller. 

Disadvantages of Lithium-ion Battery :

 1. The charging capacity of a lithium-ion battery gets reduced over time because of the loss of lithium ions in the solid electrolyte interphase and cathode-electrolyte interphase.

      Motor : 

             the motor is used in cars is synchronous there are types of AC electric motor used to create traction for an electric vehicl. Asynchronous (aka induction) and synchronous. in asynchronous, or induction motor the rotor is pulled into a spin constantly trying to catch up with the rotating magnetic field created by the statoor.

                     

 

         Transmission :

           Eletric cars don't require multi speed transmissons because of the so-called engine in an electric car, an electri motor. A significant difference between conventional vehicles and EVs is the drivetrain. Simply put, the majority of EVs do not have multi-speed transmissions. Instead a single-speed transmission regulates the electric motor.

                           

                         

 

         Vehicle body and wheel's :

              vechile body is the very importent this connecting the wheel and conect the driver stering controle to the electronic circuits and machnical components.

      

    Create a MATLAB model of electric car which uses a battery and a DC motor. Choose suitable blocks from Powertrain block set :

Electric vehicl full matlab modul blocks :

 

     Vehicl body and tire of wheel :

          To create the vechile body and tire four wheel design using the electric vehicl the four tire and vehicl body is connecting gear and wheel this the foure wheel tire connection some conecting function is used to the NR and NF W is vehcle body parts and beta to angel of body.

     tire is N,A,S,H four conecting terminal of wheel to fit the body.

         TIRE :

       

                   tire is main important of speed of the vehicl controler this is the longutidunal vehcle function working to the foure fitting connection. and to verialble surface speed to change to the performance of tire to electric vehicle. some porte is used in to input and output port of function.

       INPUT is the N normal force action, and OUTPUT is S spile value ralation. CONVERTING PORTS is H repersent weel hub and A repersent axice.

 BODY OF VEHICLE :   

     body of vehicle is mass and centre of the gravity of distance of vehicl arodrage modified. 

      input port : is W (wind velocity) and beat (gear angule of range) of to controle the vehicle body.

      output port : is the V (velocity m/s), NR (normal force of rear X), NF (normal force of front). to controle the others parts of the this body and wheel axiel.

   Gear :

                      

   gear is the function of the S and O is use to the condrole of speed to vehicle. S is the acclerator of inpute speed and O is the output shaft controle the function.

    INERTIA BLOCK :

 

    BATTERY Using Li-ion battery :

                        

  

       Battery controler of current and voltage and SOC :

     using bus selector block and scope block used in all the SOC and Current and Voltage to controled.

Implements a generic battery model for most popular battery types. Temperature and aging (due to cycling) effects can be specified for Lithium-Ion battery type

    Controller current sourec :

Converts the Simulink input signal into an equivalent current source. The generated current is driven by the input signal of the block.

     You can initialize your circuit with a specific AC or DC current. If you want to start the simulation in steady-state, the block input must be connected to a signal starting as a sinusoidal or DC waveform corresponding to the initial values. battery is the power soure to controle the motor controler circuit this is two terminal of the (+,-) postive and negative terminal of the vehicle. this is connecting to the current control source and to the motor connected.

         

    MOTOR CONTROLER :

       

        the motor controle block is the battery and pwm of H-bridge circuit and PWM circuit and DC motor all the block is use in the vehicle to controlled. 

 

    PWM controller :

                

        the PWM block is the input of the voltage signal recived to generated to pulse signal of voltage controller of  PWM and REF out put to the pulse signal is PWM block. PWM and REF is to put the H-bridge circutis of working.

     H-BRIDGE CIRCUIT :

         

         PWM block is input founction to recive the pulse signal of bridge wave of using four diode to condrolle the voltage. the pefrence and brake revers function of h-bridge working.

 DC MOTOR CIRCUIT BLOCK :

                     

                

        The DC motor to recive the battery power and PWM pulse controller voltage.  motor is positive terminal and negitive terminal connecting to H-bridge circuit block to control resistor and capicitor function. R and C is the machinicl refrence. this casting motor and rotor of motor.

     SOLVER CONFIGURATION :

 

  CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE AND CURRENT SENSOR :

 

 

 

       DRIVE CYCLE SOUREC :

                     The input block is used in drive cycle source three type of drive cycle soure is used and multport switch block and constant block.

 MULTIPORT SWITCH :      

          Pass through the input signals corresponding to the truncated value of the first input. The inputs are numbered top to bottom (or left to right). The first input port is the control port. The other input ports are data ports.

                                     

      Drive Cycle Source :

      

Generates a standard or user-specified longitudinal drive cycle. The block output is the vehicle longitudinal speed. You can import drive cycles from:

- Predefined sources

- Workspace variables, including arrays and time series objects

- mat, xls, xlsx, or txt files

Use the fault tracking parameters to identify drive cycle faults within specified speed and time tolerances.

 

  CONSTANT Block :

       

 

 

     SIGNAL BUILDER BLOCK AND FROM WORKSPACE :

     VEHICLE CONTROLLER :

  

          A parametric longitudinal speed tracking controller for generating normalized acceleration and braking commands based on reference and feedback velocities. Use the external actions to input signals that can disable, hold, or override the closed-loop commands determined by the block. The block uses this priority for the input commands: disable, hold, override.

    

          this is the used suming block and PID controler and acceleration and deacceleration block of the satruation block used and transer function block and ps simulink convertor block are used in simulink model.

 SUMING BLOCK :

   

Add or subtract inputs. Specify one of the following:

a) character vector containing + or - for each input port, | for spacer between ports (e.g. ++|-|++)

b) scalar, >= 1, specifies the number of input ports to be summed.

When there is only one input port, add or subtract elements over all dimensions or one specified dimension

 

   PID CONTROLLER :   

     This block implements continuous- and discrete-time PID control algorithms and includes advanced features such as anti-windup, external reset, and signal tracking. You can tune the PID gains automatically using the 'Tune...' button (requires Simulink Control Design).

 

 

          CONTROLLER BLOCK OF ACCELERATION AND DEACCLERATION AND TRENSFER FUNCTION AND PS SIMULINK

CONVERTER :

          The acceleration and deacceleration block is the bike speed controler in break and accelerate to the redusing and incresing the speed of vehicle DC motor block.

    TRANSFER FUNCTION BLOCK :  

     The numerator coefficient can be a vector or matrix expression. The denominator coefficient must be a vector. The output width equals the number of rows in the numerator coefficient. You should specify the coefficients in descending order of powers of s. 

'Parameter tunability' controls the runtime tunability level for numerator and denominator coefficients.

'Auto': Allow Simulink to choose the most appropriate tunability level.

'Optimized': Tunability is optimized for performance.

'Unconstrained': Tunability is unconstrained across the simulation targets.

    

    Design The MATLAB Sinmulnk Model Electric Car With Li-ion Battery :   

            This is the matlab simulink model of electric car with li-ion battery system is used in drive cycle sourec and PID controller and PWM,  h-brige circuite using control block and important block is the battery using li-ion battery block and soc calculation of voltage and current and SOC all the block coneting to output of vehicle body block and usin display and scope block is to anlysing the vehicle of CAR.

 

 

     Drive Cycle Source Output wavefrome : 

     

 

 

 

  To drive cycle block is the linearley incrsing and singnal to outpu signal is also same output block of the model is using motor output signal. drive cycle block is the controled PID block of signsl tunig in to create the signal.

 

    the signal bulder is the inpute of the drive cycle to plote the DC motor speed is incresing and to linear ly incring and to decrising the signal builde to control.

    

    The input Battery singanal source of SOC and Voltage and Current :  

   Input motor temperature to battery voltage :

    Vehicle temprature is the drive cycle block inpute compare the incresing the model to controller is incresing the matlab model.

 

 SOC bolck signal voltage and current :

           this is the voltage perfromance and to incresing the voltage and cutrrent to calculate the input supply voltage to perofram the vehicle to model. and the perfromance is the parllel ly incresing the voltage to vehicle perfromance.

 

 

      The SOC block is to drop the singnal of voltage and current source and contrle the speed of the 80% and 65% to reduding the vehicle.

 

 

    CONCLUSION : 

                       To complete all the Objectives, System level configurations, Model parameters, Results, Conclusion. to design in matlab simulink model of electric car which uses lithium ion battery and suitable motor. Modelling an electric Car with Li-ion battery, and to plote the wavefrome .