All Courses
All Courses
Courses by Software
Courses by Semester
Courses by Domain
Tool-focused Courses
Machine learning
POPULAR COURSES
Success Stories
EXHAUST PORT SIMULATION INTRODUCTION Heat transfer is the branch of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal…
Kshitij Deshpande
updated on 17 Sep 2021
EXHAUST PORT SIMULATION
INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer is the branch of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system.
Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles through the boundary between two systems. Heat convection occurs when bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries heat along with the flow of matter in the fluid. Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid fluid or gas) by transfer of energy through photons in electromagnetic waves.
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER
Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) analysis deals with the study of heat transfer between solid and fluid domains by exchanging thermal energy at the interfaces between them, using a model based on a strictly mathematically stated problem.
In solids, conduction often dominates whereas in fluids, convection usually dominates. Conjugate heat transfer corresponds with the combination of heat transfer in solids and heat transfer in fluids.
Typical applications of this analysis type exist as, but are not limited to, the simulation of heat exchangers, cooling of electronic equipment, and general-purpose cooling and heating systems.
WHY CHT?
Heat transfer in solids is mainly due to conduction, as described by Fourier's law defining the conductive heat flux, q, proportional to the temperature gradient: .
Due to the fluid motion, three contributions to the heat equation are included:
Conjugate heat transfer helps us to integrate the effects of thermal conduction and thermal convection by monitoring the heat exchange process at the interface of the solid and fluid. This helps us to understand and capture the physics involved in the effective heat transfer in any system. This makes CHT analysis important in designing systems like heat exchangers, heat sinks, etc.
A CHT model, based on a strictly mathematically stated problem, describes the heat transfer between a body and a fluid flowing over or inside it as a result of the interaction of two objects. The physical processes and solutions of the governing equations are considered separately for each object in two subdomains. Matching conditions for these solutions at the interface provide the distributions of temperature and heat flux along the body–flow interface, eliminating the need for a heat transfer coefficient. Moreover, it may be calculated using these data.
APPLICATIONS
Starting from simple examples in the 1960s, the conjugate heat transfer methods have become a more powerful tool for modeling and investigating nature phenomena and engineering systems in different areas.
Typical applications incluce -
AIM
METHODOLOGY
To find out the HTC for an Exhaust Port and conduct theral analysis, the following procedure was followed:
BASELINE SIMULATION
Geometry
The geometry of the exhaust port is as shown in the figure with 4 inlets and 1 outlet.
Inlet radius: 83.05mm
Outlet radius: 75mm
A volume extract was prepared to denote the fluid volume inside the exhaust port. Shared topology was enabled to get a consistent mesh in the meshing stage.
Meshing
A standard mesh was generated for the baseline simulation without any regard for the y+ value, initially. This was done only to first check if the setup is generating an appropriate solution.
The methods used were
Inflation - 5 inflation layers with a total thickness of 5mm were used for the solid-fluid interface.
Body sizing - This was used for the solid body of exhaust port with an element size of 10mm.
Minimum mesh quality was not less than 5%. Thus, the mesh is acceptable.
Setup
The standard k-epsilon turbulent model was used. The model would also solve for the energy equation, since temperature calculations are critical for a CHT analysis.
Materials used were: Air for fluid and Aluminium for solid.
Inlet air - 5m/s at 700K
Convective heat transfer coefficient for outer wall - 20W/m^2.K
Hybrid initialization, solution run for 150 iterations.
Solution
Residuals
Temperature contour
Velocity profile (XY Plane - Near outlet)
Streamlines (Velocity)
Average Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient
Plot: Distribution of Y+
The above plot shows the distribution of cells over a range of y+ values. Most of the cells have a y+ value in the range 5-30, which is the buffer region. This is something we need to avoid. Since the chosen turbulent model is "k-epsilon standard" model, we need the y+ values of the cells in the range of 30-300. This, in the next part of this project, the simulation will be carried out for different values of y+ and its corresponding value of first layer thickness (given in the inflation layer), and the y+ value giving a suitable XY plot having most cells in the 30-300 range will be selected for plotting the streamlines, velocity profiles and HTC.
3 CASES OF Y+ VALUES
Case 1: y+ of 50, y= 2.78mm
Case 2: y+ of 100, y= 5.56mm
Case 3: y+ of 120, y=6.67mm
From the above 3 cases, we can see that with a y+ of 50 (y=2.78mm), a vast majority of the cells lie in the buffer region. This may give us inaccurate results.
Y+ values of 100 (y=5.56mm) and 120 (y=6.67mm), both generate boundary cells that are predominantly in the range of 30-300, which is the desired range for the turbulent model used (standard k-epsilon).
However, a y+ value of 100 (y=5.56mm) gives a much better distribution of the cells in the desired range for the standard k-epsilon turbulent model. So, we can use a first layer thickness of 5.56mm and generate results from the same.
BEST CASE: Y+ 100 (PLOTS AND CONTOURS)
The geometry and setup are going to be the same as in the baseline simulation. However, the mesh can be refined further by decreasing the element size of the body sizing method used on the body of the exhaust port.
The element size will be reduced to 7mm.
Residuals
Temperature contour
Velocity profile (XY Plane - Outlet)
Velocity profile (YZ Plane - Inlets)
Streamlines (Velocity)
XY Plot: Y+ value vs position
Surface heat transfer coefficient
VERIFICATION
The verification of any conjugate heat transfer analysis is done by finding an analytical solution to the problem. This is done using the following relation:
The value of a,b,c depends totally on experimental conditions. However, these values for standard shapes have been derived using experiments.
Since it is not a standard shape, the validation of the Exhaust Port Simulation can only be done by carrying out physical experiments and finding out the values of a, b, and c to further calculate the surface heat transfer coefficient.
ACCURACY OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
The accuracy of heat transfer coefficient depends mainly on the following factors:
CONCLUSION
Heat transfer in solids and heat transfer in fluids are combined in the majority of applications. This is because fluids flow around solids or between solid walls, and because solids are usually immersed in a fluid. An accurate description of heat transfer modes, material properties, flow regimes, and geometrical configurations enables the analysis of temperature fields and heat transfer. Such a description is also the starting point for a numerical simulation that can be used to predict conjugate heat transfer effects or to test different configurations in order, for example, to improve thermal performances of a given application.
Choosing the right turbulence model and appropriate y+ value is extremely critical to conducting a CHT analysis and getting accurate value of Heat transfer coefficient.
Leave a comment
Thanks for choosing to leave a comment. Please keep in mind that all the comments are moderated as per our comment policy, and your email will not be published for privacy reasons. Please leave a personal & meaningful conversation.
Other comments...
Week 6 - CHT Analysis on a Graphics card
CHT ANALYSIS ON A GRAPHICS CARD INTRODUCTION Heat transfer is the branch of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal…
17 Jan 2022 10:18 AM IST
Week 5 - Rayleigh Taylor Instability
Rayleigh Taylor Instability The Rayleigh-Taylor Instability or RT instability (after Lord Rayleigh and G.I. Taylor) is an instability of an intgerface between two fluids of different densities which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid. Examples include the behaviour of water suspended above…
07 Oct 2021 08:49 PM IST
Week 4 - CHT Analysis on Exhaust port
EXHAUST PORT SIMULATION INTRODUCTION Heat transfer is the branch of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal…
17 Sep 2021 08:57 AM IST
Week 3 - External flow simulation over an Ahmed body.
AHMED BODY SIMULATION Introduction As the burning of fossil fuels and conventional resources of energy becomes an issue of great importance, manufacturers are focusing on the introduction of more fuel efficient cars in the market. When a car is in motion, the aerodynamic drag on the car is the main contributor…
16 Jul 2021 02:43 PM IST
Related Courses
Skill-Lync offers industry relevant advanced engineering courses for engineering students by partnering with industry experts.
© 2025 Skill-Lync Inc. All Rights Reserved.