1)
Aim : To select type of the structure for modelling in the Revit software.
Introduction :
- Depending upon the type of structure the design consideration of building for the modelling purpose vary.
- So it is important to clarify the type of structure before starting any project so that it will serve its functionality for which it is being modelled.
Procedure :
- Type of structure from above three is primary school building which is classified as educational building for every 5000 population as per national building code 2016.
- It is G+1 educational building.
Result :
Therefore type of structure is selected as school building for modelling in the Revit.
- National building code provides the standards which should be followed while designing any type of the model.
- It provides minimum standards which should be provided for different type of structure for different locations so that it serves its functionality optimistically without violating environmental and safety measures.
- Likewise for school building NBC provides the minimum standards for area, height, thickness of wall etc.
Procedure :
Assumptions for geographic and location details and NBC 2016 requirement for project modelling are as follows.
- Assume geographic location for project model is Mumbai India.
- As per National Building Code part 3 page no. 25 minimum land area per school is 0.4 ha.
- Minimum school building area is 0.2 ha.
- Minimum play field area inclusive of the limited parking requirement for functional uses is 0.2 ha.
- As per clause 12.3.1.1 part 3 of NBC Minimum ceiling height for educational building for all region is 3.6 m which is 12’.
- Minimum width provided for staircase for respective occupancies as per Fire and Life Safety code part 4 is 1.5 m for educational building.
- As the total height of building is 40’6” I e 12.3 which is less than 15 m so there is no need to provide the lift.
- In Revit software we can set the location using manage tab, using location tool of the project location panel.
- By clicking it we can set the location for the project as shown below.
Result :
Therefore, location for building is assumed as Mumbai India, and also based on assumption and type of the structure selected modelling requirements of NBC are identified above.
Step 1
- Open Revit software, select the structural file linked with the architectural template created last week and open it from home page of Revit software.
Step 2
- Go to structure tab, select the level tool from datum panel, select pick line tool from draw panel and add the levels by specifying offset distance at required position as shown below.
Step 3
- Go to site plan view, select isolated footing from foundation panel of structure tab, select at grids option from place isolated foundation tab and select the grids by dragging the mouse and select finish from multiple
Step 4
- For creating the columns, go to column tool from structure tab, select the column type as concrete rectangular column of size 12 x 18 and change the depth of column as -6’ from properties window.
Step 5
- Go to structure tab, select beam tool, select concrete beam from property window, select on grids option from place beam tab, select the grids by dragging with mouse and select finish from multiple panel.
Step 6
- Select the middle portion of plan, select filter tool from multi-select tab, uncheck grid option and delete key to delete it.
- Similarly delete the foundation from middle portion.
- 3D realistic view is shown below.
Step 7
- To hide analytical lines, type VG command, uncheck all analytical model category visibilities from dialog box, select apply and ok.
Step 8
- Again, select column and create column at ground floor by selecting height option from modify toolbar of column and height up to first floor as shown below.
Step 9
- To create the beams and column at the first ang ground floor, go to ground floor plan, select all componenets by draging with the mouse, select filter tool, and select the stuctural column, structural framing from filter dialog box.
Step 10
- Select the copy from clipboard panel and select paste option, select the aligned to selected level option, select the first floor and select ok.
Step 11
- To draw the floors, go to site floor plan, select the floor tool from structure tab, select rectangle tool from draw panel and draw the roof as shown below by changing the height offset of roof as 3”.
Step 12
- Similarly create the roof at ground floor as shown below.
Step 13
- For creating the shaft opening go to shaft tool from structure tab, select rectangle tool from draw panel and draw the shaft as shown below.
Step 14
- Similarly go to ground floor plan, select the floor and copy it to first floor and at roof using copy and paste tool of clipboard panel and align it to the selected level as shown below.
- Select the floor, select edit type from property window and change the material of the floor as carpet as shown below.
Step 15
- Go to synchronize with central option from top toolbar and select ok.
Step 16
- Open the architectural file, select stair tool from circular panel, select the run and draw the stairs of width 5’ by changing width to 5’ using property window as shown below.
Result
- Therefore, all the structural components such as footing or foundation, columns, beams, floors and stairs are created in structural and architectural file as shown below.
Step 1
- Open the architectural file from home page of Revit software to add the architectural components.
- Select the walls tool from architecture tab, select wall type generic 12” from property window and draw the walls at required position as shown below.
Step 2
- Select the wall by using the filter tool, go to edit type from properties window, duplicate wall type and select the wall material as brick common and select ok as shown below.
Step 3
- Go to architecture tab, select door tool from build panel, select load family from mode panel of place door tab and place the doors at required position as shown below.
Step 4
- Similarly add the windows to all the rooms at the required position as shown below.
Step 5
- For adding the curtain system, select the front wall which is required to make as curtain wall, select drop down of basic wall type, and change the wall type to storefront as shown below.
Step 6
- For adding the components such as desk, go to architecture tab, select the component tool from build panel, select load family option and load the desk and add it in the model at required position as shown below.
Step 7
- Similarly add the component in the first floor plan as shown below.
Step 8
- For adding the roof, go to architecture tab, select the roof tool from build panel, select roof by footprint, select pick line or line option and draw the roof on the first floor plan by specifying offset distance as 12’ from the level as shown below.
Step 9
- Go to architecture tab, select the ceiling tool from build panel, select sketch ceiling and add the ceiling at the height of 11’ from ground floor and first floor as shown below.
Step 10
- For adding the topographical components, go to massing and site tab, select the
Step 11
- For drawing the building pad, select the building pad tool from modify massing and site tab, select rectangle tool from draw panel and draw the rectangular building pad as shown below.
Step 12
- Go to architecture tab, select the component option and load the site components such as tress and place at the required position as shown below.
- Again, go to wall tool from architecture tab, select the wall type and draw the wall as a compound wall and insert gate opening as shown below.
Step 13
- Again, go to site plan view then go to massing and site tab, select the subregion tool from modify site panel, and subdivide the region to add playground.
- Select edit type from properties window and change the materials of the region to smooth sand.
- Similarly divide the region to add the parking area as shown below.
Result :
Therefore, wall layout with appropriate material and finishing, interior partition walls, components adding details, stairs, lighting, stairs, and topographical components are added in the model as shown below.
Ground floor plan
First floor plan
Site level plan view
3D realistic view
2)
Aim: To use the shortcut keys in Revit discussed in class to complete the following tasks and list them below
- Using 3D model create a section box
- To create similar doors and windows in a floor plan layout
- To reduce the thickness of lines visible in plan views
- To apply override settings to a floor in the model section view
- To increase the range of visibility in a plan view
- To select the previously selected items
- To add annotations to the model views
- To bring the model elements in line
- To rotate the model elements
- To move an object to another location
- To copy a model element
- To mirror an element about an axis
- To create an array of model elements
aim:-
The building shown, 20 × 35 m in plan, has columns on a 5 × 5 m grid and shear walls (with dimensions shown in m, 250 mm in thickness) in three alternative arrangements, (a), (b), (c), all with the same total cross-sectional area of the shear walls. Compare the three alternatives, taking into account the restraint of floor shrinkage, the lateral stiffness and the torsional one with respect to the vertical axis, the vertical reinforcement required for the same total flexural capacity at the base, the static eccentricity, the system’s redundancy, foundation systems, architectural constraints etc.
FLOOR PLAN- THE FLOOR PLAN OF BUILDING is not either unifrom or symmentric so naturally any lateralload induced in the floor will not have 100% influenece in same direcation. difenitley a speecial lateral load resisting system for these torsionalmoments should be accommodated.
Random intrnal column-since the intrnal coulmn are randomly they are unable to transfer latderal loade efficentlyand can notacchived desirable building responces. so we have to assum and design those column for only gravity lods.
floor to floor varriation in partition wall and beam-partion wall provied an importance mass control in a building and beam play key role an shear transfer floor to beam.all this elemnts are not inoder.so heavy distrition and distributionof lateral lods will happen.
Some of these are so basic that they remain unstated. Realistically, there is no point in worrying about cataclysmic or other events that can render all your planning moot. You have to start with the assumption that everything will work as planned. For example, retailers assume that consumers will continue to make most of their purchases during the holiday season.
Beyond that, there are several broad types of assumptions that you're going to have to make. These assumptions are what support and quantify the projections that you'll make in the plan.
- First, you're going to have to make some assumptions about the general business environment. By and large, these assumptions tend to focus on issues such as interest rates, demographics, and other factors that all businesses face.
- Second, you're going to have to make some assumptions that are specific to your business. These assumptions focus on specific capabilities that your business must develop or maintain.
- Third, you can model alternate assumptions to explain how you will shift gears, if necessary, in response to events outside your control.
Assessing the general business environment
As you draft your business plan, you may feel somewhat overwhelmed by the sheer number of external factors that can dramatically impact your business. Most of these factors are simply beyond your control.
For example, if your business is dependent on loans or a line of credit, the interest rate on that debt is crucial. If you obtain a loan at 2 percent over the prime rate, there is no guarantee that the prime rate won't fluctuate, perhaps wildly, in the first few months of your planning period.
It is up to you to decide not only what assumption to make regarding the rate, but how likely it is that your assumption is correct. If you assume that rates won't change by more than 1 percent one way or the other, how comfortable can you be with that assumption?
You'll also have to make assumptions about factors that are not easy to quantify. While you may know exactly how many people are physically located in your geographic market, assumptions regarding how many are potential customers for your product or service aren't as easy to make. But such assumptions are necessary when it comes time to project sales.
Despite the difficulty ensuring that your assumptions are reasonable, there is a lot of help available. There are many sources that provide objective information that may be helpful. For example, a bank can provide you with historical information regarding rate changes. Vendors can tell you about product availability issues.
Get as much information as you need to feel comfortable that you are making reasonable assumptions. Remember, however, that no one is likely to be right all the time. If the assumptions on which you base your planning are generally "in the ballpark," you have done a good job.
Assume you're considering opening up a store to sell auto racing collectibles. The auto racing industry provides a good example about making assumptions. It experienced dramatic growth in broadcast viewers and race attendance for a number of years beginning in the 1990s. Expecting a 10 percent annual growth in the audience was pretty reasonable, at least for a while.
The economic slump of the early 2000s made that growth assumption unreasonable for almost a decade. However, sponsors are returning to auto racing as a marketing tool because it is still an effective medium for reaching a targeted audience.
Making assumptions regarding your business for planning purposes
As you work your way through the planning process, you will be called on to take your best guess regarding the key operational issues facing your business. You'll have to make estimates regarding productivity, capacity, cash flow, costs, and many other interrelated factors. For example, if you are considering a manufacturing business, how many units of product can you expect a particular piece of equipment to produce? What assumptions can you make about its reliability and potential down time?
From a practical standpoint, there are two potential sources for the information you need to make reasonable assumptions. If you have an existing business, you have your personal experiences on which to rely. You know how much to expect from an employee and if your production equipment is reliable. Even if you're taking on a new product or trying to enter a new market, your experience in the industry in general will serve you well.
The same holds true if you have experience in your industry, but not as a business owner. Many new businesses are started by people who have experience as an employee in the same or a related field. If that applies to you, what you learned will serve you well as you strike out on your own.
But what about the business owner who has relatively little experience in a particular field? The best bet is to tap into existing sources of information. One excellent source is industry groups or associations. These organizations exist to help business owners within a specific industry or field of endeavor. They can provide information regarding a wide variety of topics. Another good source of information are local chambers of commerce and other civic organizations. These groups can provide valuable demographic information regarding the specific geographic market in which you will compete.
Banks are an obvious source of information regarding financial matters. You're going to have to make numerous assumptions that relate to money, cash flow, interest rates, expenses, etc. Much of what you need to know to make reasonable assumptions can be obtained from lenders. This also provides you with an opportunity to screen potential lenders by experiencing the quality of customer service they provide. Potential vendors and suppliers can also be consulted to get information regarding costs, product availability, timing requirements, etc.
While there is no substitute for personal experience, you can derive a large benefit by drawing on the experiences of those around you. Unless you're starting a completely new type of business, there will be someone around with experience at what you're planning to do. You'd be surprised how willing even potential competitors are to share information, if asked in the right way. This is particularly true if your business will serve a limited geographic market and won't directly compete with a similar business located some distance away.
Finally, don't forget about the management aspects of running your own business. In addition to whatever product or service you'll provide, you will also have to perform a broad range of managerial activities. The most important assumption you can make about these back office duties is that they'll take more time than you'd like. But the same sources who can provide the data you need to make reasonable financial and operational assumptions can also advise you regarding tasks that fall on you as a business owner.
Dealing with unexpected changes in external factors
Economic and weather conditions immediately come to mind when you think of factors outside your control. If a particular geographic area experiences an economic decline, there isn't much you can do about it. If your business is dependent on fair weather, and unusual conditions prevent you from working, even short-term business plans will quickly go out the window. A house painter faced with nearly constant rain just won't be able to do the planned work. If the profitability of a business that relies heavily on borrowed funds is affected by interest rates, changes in lending rates can be a huge factor.
In short, every business must deal with an environment in which key assumptions can change without much warning. A plan based on those assumptions is at risk. A good business plan can include contingency plans that help you establish how to react when the real world doesn't conform to your plan. One way to do this is to look at how a change in one or more variables might affect your plan. Here's how you might want to do that.
First, identify "environmental" conditions that would have the most direct impact on your business. There may be several. Make an effort to examine each of the environmental factors in turn so that you can develop a range of planning scenarios. Try to realistically estimate the number of days you won't be able to work. Recent weather notwithstanding, it isn't likely that it will never rain on days you would otherwise work, nor is it likely that it will always rain.
Second, try to quantify how changing conditions would impact your business and what the likelihood is that those changes will occur. Quantifying the result of a change in conditions is the easier of the two.
For example, if your business is heavily reliant on utilizing a line of credit to finance operations, a change in interest rate would directly affect the profitability of your business. If you assumed that you were going to pay $10,000 a year in interest, and an increasing interest rate pushes that to $15,000, your profit potential just went down by $5,000. If nothing else but the interest rate changes, at what level will you start losing money? In contrast, fluctuating interest rates wouldn't present the same challenge to a business that rarely used its line of credit.
A little more difficult is the question of how likely is it that conditions will change? By definition, the factors are outside your control, but you can look at historical trends (e.g., the interest rate over the last two years) for some indication of the likelihood of changing conditions. If interest rates are a factor, consider a broad range of rates to determine what is the highest rate your business could tolerate.
A third step completes the analysis. First, you identified environmental factors that could impact your plan. Second, you assessed the likelihood that conditions would change, and you quantified the effect that each of these changes would have on your plan. Now, consider what would happen if, for example, interest rates go up and mid-way through your season, it's already rained 11 days. Will you be able to meet your net income targets under these new conditions? Look at the factors with the potential for substantial impact on your plan and combine them in various ways.
Try to build reasonable "what if" scenarios that reflect your best estimates of what could happen. For example, if a salesman quits, you lose the ability to reach part of your customer base. But if the loss of the salesman results in reduced sales, and production and wage costs also go down, the temporary loss of a salesman might hurt growth potential more than current net income. Knowing that you can survive for awhile without him gives you a better chance to hire a high-quality replacement. Try to limit your modeling to situations that might realistically occur. Remember that some potential factors are just too remote to concern you.
3)
The component-based assembly model uses object-oriented technologies. In object-oriented technologies, the emphasis is on the creation of classes. Classes are the entities that encapsulate data and algorithms. In component-based architecture, classes (i.e., components required to build application) can be uses as reusable components. This model uses various characteristics of spiral model. This model is evolutionary by nature. Hence, software development can be done using iterative approach. In CBD model, multiple classes can be used. These classes are basically the prepackaged components. The model works in following manner:
- Step-1: First identify all the required candidate components, i.e., classes with the help of application data and algorithms.
- Step-2: If these candidate components are used in previous software projects then they must be present in the library.
- Step-3: Such preexisting components can be excited from the library and used for further development.
- Step-4: But if the required component is not present in the library then build or create the component as per requirement.
- Step-5: Place this newly created component in the library. This makes one iteration of the system.
- Step-6: Repeat steps 1 to 5 for creating n iterations, where n denotes the number of iterations required to develop the complete application.
Characteristics of Component Assembly Model:
- Uses object-oriented technology.
- Components and classes encapsulate both data and algorithms.
- Components are developed to be reusable.
- Paradigm similar to spiral model, but engineering activity involves components.
- The system produced by assembling the correct components.
step 1
- open the revit software
- the click new fire
- select the architecture
- Using the structural model, include the following components based on the type of structure selected
a. Foundation – Isolated / Wall/Matt Foundation
b. Columns
c. Beams Connected to Columns
d. Roof Framing/ Truss
e. Floor / Decks
f. Floor Openings for Elevators and Stairs
result:
step 2
- open the revit software
- the click new fire
- select the architecture
- Provide a set of drawings in an architectural and structural model to list the following details with categories and appropriate sheet templates included
a. Floor Plans with Annotations
b. Elevations
c. Sections
result:
step 3
- open the revit software
- the click new fire
- select the architecture
- Open another new file but with a structural template. Using the manage tab set project parameters the same as the architectural model. Copy the parameters from the architectural model to the structural template or enter the parameters manually into the structural model
result:
step 4
- open the revit software
- the click new fire
- select the architecture
- Open another new file but with a structural template. Using the manage tab set project parameters the same as the architectural model. Copy the parameters from the architectural model to the structural template or enter the parameters manually into the structural model
step 5
- open the revit software
- the click new fire
- select the architecture
- Using the Rendering settings, Render images of the 3D model produced and include the rendered images to the drawing sheets
a. Rendering from interior rooms
b. Rendering from out showing topographic features
c. Rendering through structural framingl
4)
Software architecture involves the high level structure of software system abstraction, by using decomposition and composition, with architectural style and quality attributes. A software architecture design must conform to the major functionality and performance requirements of the system, as well as satisfy the non-functional requirements such as reliability, scalability, portability, and availability.
A software architecture must describe its group of components, their connections, interactions among them and deployment configuration of all components.
A software architecture can be defined in many ways −
-
UML (Unified Modeling Language) − UML is one of object-oriented solutions used in software modeling and design.
-
Architecture View Model (4+1 view model) − Architecture view model represents the functional and non-functional requirements of software application.
-
ADL (Architecture Description Language) − ADL defines the software architecture formally and semantically.
UML
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. It is a pictorial language used to make software blueprints. UML was created by Object Management Group (OMG). The UML 1.0 specification draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997. It serves as a standard for software requirement analysis and design documents which are the basis for developing a software.
UML can be described as a general purpose visual modeling language to visualize, specify, construct, and document a software system. Although UML is generally used to model software system, it is not limited within this boundary. It is also used to model non software systems such as process flows in a manufacturing unit.
The elements are like components which can be associated in different ways to make a complete UML picture, which is known as a diagram. So, it is very important to understand the different diagrams to implement the knowledge in real-life systems. We have two broad categories of diagrams and they are further divided into sub-categories i.e. Structural Diagrams and Behavioral Diagrams.
Structural Diagrams
Structural diagrams represent the static aspects of a system. These static aspects represent those parts of a diagram which forms the main structure and is therefore stable.
These static parts are represented by classes, interfaces, objects, components and nodes. Structural diagrams can be sub-divided as follows −
- Class diagram
- Object diagram
- Component diagram
- Deployment diagram
- Package diagram
- Composite structure
The following table provides a brief description of these diagrams −
| Sr.No. |
Diagram & Description |
| 1 |
Class
Represents the object orientation of a system. Shows how classes are statically related.
|
| 2 |
Object
Represents a set of objects and their relationships at runtime and also represent the static view of the system.
|
| 3 |
Component
Describes all the components, their interrelationship, interactions and interface of the system.
|
| 4 |
Composite structure
Describes inner structure of component including all classes, interfaces of the component, etc.
|
| 5 |
Package
Describes the package structure and organization. Covers classes in the package and packages within another package.
|
| 6 |
Deployment
Deployment diagrams are a set of nodes and their relationships. These nodes are physical entities where the components are deployed.
|
Behavioral Diagrams
Behavioral diagrams basically capture the dynamic aspect of a system. Dynamic aspects are basically the changing/moving parts of a system. UML has the following types of behavioral diagrams −
- Use case diagram
- Sequence diagram
- Communication diagram
- State chart diagram
- Activity diagram
- Interaction overview
- Time sequence diagram
The following table provides a brief description of these diagram −
| Sr.No. |
Diagram & Description |
| 1 |
Use case
Describes the relationships among the functionalities and their internal/external controllers. These controllers are known as actors.
|
| 2 |
Activity
Describes the flow of control in a system. It consists of activities and links. The flow can be sequential, concurrent, or branched.
|
| 3 |
State Machine/state chart
Represents the event driven state change of a system. It basically describes the state change of a class, interface, etc. Used to visualize the reaction of a system by internal/external factors.
|
| 4 |
Sequence
Visualizes the sequence of calls in a system to perform a specific functionality.
|
| 5 |
Interaction Overview
Combines activity and sequence diagrams to provide a control flow overview of system and business process.
|
| 6 |
Communication
Same as sequence diagram, except that it focuses on the object’s role. Each communication is associated with a sequence order, number plus the past messages.
|
| 7 |
Time Sequenced
Describes the changes by messages in state, condition and events.
|
Architecture View Model
A model is a complete, basic, and simplified description of software architecture which is composed of multiple views from a particular perspective or viewpoint.
A view is a representation of an entire system from the perspective of a related set of concerns. It is used to describe the system from the viewpoint of different stakeholders such as end-users, developers, project managers, and testers.
4+1 View Model
The 4+1 View Model was designed by Philippe Kruchten to describe the architecture of a software–intensive system based on the use of multiple and concurrent views. It is a multiple view model that addresses different features and concerns of the system. It standardizes the software design documents and makes the design easy to understand by all stakeholders.
It is an architecture verification method for studying and documenting software architecture design and covers all the aspects of software architecture for all stakeholders. It provides four essential views −
-
The logical view or conceptual view − It describes the object model of the design.
-
The process view − It describes the activities of the system, captures the concurrency and synchronization aspects of the design.
-
The physical view − It describes the mapping of software onto hardware and reflects its distributed aspect.
-
The development view − It describes the static organization or structure of the software in its development of environment.
This view model can be extended by adding one more view called scenario view or use case view for end-users or customers of software systems. It is coherent with other four views and are utilized to illustrate the architecture serving as “plus one” view, (4+1) view model. The following figure describes the software architecture using five concurrent views (4+1) model.
Why is it called 4+1 instead of 5?
The use case view has a special significance as it details the high level requirement of a system while other views details — how those requirements are realized. When all other four views are completed, it’s effectively redundant. However, all other views would not be possible without it. The following image and table shows the 4+1 view in detail −
| |
Logical |
Process |
Development |
Physical |
Scenario |
| Description |
Shows the component (Object) of system as well as their interaction |
Shows the processes / Workflow rules of system and how those processes communicate, focuses on dynamic view of system |
Gives building block views of system and describe static organization of the system modules |
Shows the installation, configuration and deployment of software application |
Shows the design is complete by performing validation and illustration |
| Viewer / Stake holder |
End-User, Analysts and Designer |
Integrators & developers |
Programmer and software project managers |
System engineer, operators, system administrators and system installers |
All the views of their views and evaluators |
| Consider |
Functional requirements |
Non Functional Requirements |
Software Module organization (Software management reuse, constraint of tools) |
Nonfunctional requirement regarding to underlying hardware |
System Consistency and validity |
| UML – Diagram |
Class, State, Object, sequence, Communication Diagram |
Activity Diagram |
Component, Package diagram |
Deployment diagram |
Use case diagram |
Architecture Description Languages (ADLs)
An ADL is a language that provides syntax and semantics for defining a software architecture. It is a notation specification which provides features for modeling a software system’s conceptual architecture, distinguished from the system’s implementation.
ADLs must support the architecture components, their connections, interfaces, and configurations which are the building block of architecture description. It is a form of expression for use in architecture descriptions and provides the ability to decompose components, combine the components, and define the interfaces of components.
An architecture description language is a formal specification language, which describes the software features such as processes, threads, data, and sub-programs as well as hardware component such as processors, devices, buses, and memory.
It is hard to classify or differentiate an ADL and a programming language or a modeling language. However, there are following requirements for a language to be classified as an ADL −
-
It should be appropriate for communicating the architecture to all concerned parties.
-
It should be suitable for tasks of architecture creation, refinement, and validation.
-
It should provide a basis for further implementation, so it must be able to add information to the ADL specification to enable the final system specification to be derived from the ADL.
-
It should have the ability to represent most of the common architectural styles.
-
It should support analytical capabilities or provide quick generating prototype implementations.
5)
6)
Rendering is the process of taking 3D models and converting them into 2D images. 3D scene files are authored in applications such as Autodesk 3ds Max, Autodesk Maya, and Blender. Rendering applications such as Autodesk Maya, Autodesk Arnold, Chaos Group V-Ray, and Blender Cycles produce 2D images. Sometimes single images are created from the scene files. However, it's common to model and render multiple images, and then combine them in an animation.
The rendering workload is heavily used for special effects (VFX) in the Media and Entertainment industry. Rendering is also used in many other industries such as advertising, retail, oil and gas, and manufacturing.
The process of rendering is computationally intensive; there can be many frames/images to produce and each image can take many hours to render. Rendering is therefore a perfect batch processing workload that can leverage Azure to run many renders in parallel and utilize a wide range of hardware, including GPUs.
Why use Azure for rendering?
For many reasons, rendering is a workload perfectly suited for Azure:
- Rendering jobs can be split into many pieces that can be run in parallel using multiple VMs:
- Animations consist of many frames and each frame can be rendered in parallel. The more VMs available to process each frame, the faster all the frames and the animation can be produced.
- Some rendering software allows single frames to be broken up into multiple pieces, such as tiles or slices. Each piece can be rendered separately, then combined into the final image when all pieces have finished. The more VMs that are available, the faster a frame can be rendered.
- Rendering projects can require huge scale:
- Individual frames can be complex and require many hours to render, even on high-end hardware; animations can consist of hundreds of thousands of frames. A huge amount of compute is required to render high-quality animations in a reasonable amount of time. In some cases, over 100,000 cores have been used to render thousands of frames in parallel.
- Rendering projects are project-based and require varying amounts of compute:
- Allocate compute and storage capacity when required, scale it up or down according to load during a project, and remove it when a project is finished.
- Pay for capacity when allocated, but don’t pay for it when there is no load, such as between projects.
- Cater for bursts due to unexpected changes; scale higher if there are unexpected changes late in a project and those changes need to be processed on a tight schedule.
- Choose from a wide selection of hardware according to application, workload, and timeframe:
- There’s a wide selection of hardware available in Azure that can be allocated and managed with Batch.
- Depending on the project, the requirement may be for the best price/performance or the best overall performance. Different scenes and/or rendering applications will have different memory requirements. Some rendering application can leverage GPUs for the best performance or certain features.
- Low-priority reduce cost:
- Low-priority and Spot VMs are available for a large discount compared to standard VMs and are suitable for some job types.
Existing on-premises rendering environment
The most common case is for there to be an existing on-premises render farm being managed by a render management application such as PipelineFX Qube, Royal Render, Thinkbox Deadline, or a custom application. The requirement is to extend the on-premises render farm capacity using Azure VMs.
Azure infrastructure and services are used to create a hybrid environment where Azure is used to supplement the on-premises capacity. For example:
- Use a to place the Azure resources on the same network as the on-premises render farm.
- Use cache source files in Azure to reduce bandwidth use and latency, maximizing performance.
- Ensure the existing license server is on the virtual network and purchase the additional licenses required to cater for the extra Azure-based capacity.
No existing render farm
Client workstations may be performing rendering, but the rendering load is increasing and it is taking too long to solely use workstation capacity.
There are two main options available:
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Deploy an on-premises render manager, such as Royal Render, and configure a hybrid environment to use Azure when further capacity or performance is required. A render manager is specifically tailored for rendering workloads and will include plug-ins for the popular client applications, enabling easy submission of rendering jobs.
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A custom solution using Azure Batch to allocate and manage the compute capacity as well as providing the job scheduling to run the render jobs.
3D visualization is everywhere, from simple ads to immersive virtual reality. Architects, product designers, industrial designers, and branding agencies use 3D rendering to create beautiful, realistic images that simulate real life. Learn what 3D rendering is, how it works, and what Adobe software you can use to create your own 3D objects and environments.
3D rendering is the process of creating a photorealistic 2D image from 3D models. 3D rendering is the final step in the process of 3D visualization, which involves creating models of objects, texturing those objects, and adding lighting to the scene.
3D rendering software takes all the data associated with the 3D model and renders it into a 2D image. Thanks to new texturing and lighting capabilities, that 2D image may be indistinguishable from a real photograph, or it may look purposefully stylized — that’s up to the artist and the goal of the visualization.
How does 3D rendering work?
Although the terms “3D rendering” and “3D visualization” may sometimes be used interchangeably, 3D rendering is actually the final stage of the 3D visualization process. Here is a more detailed breakdown of the 3D visualization process, which culminates with 3D rendering.
1. Create 3D objects or models using 3D modeling software.
There are a number of ways to create a 3D model, or an entire scene. Some sculpting applications allow you to create and shape polygons, ultimately forming a 3D asset. This type of modeling might, for instance, be particularly suited to creating organic assets — such as plants or people — as it is well suited to an artistic interpretation of somewhat irregular shapes.
Alternatives to this approach exist. Other modeling tools focus on creating edges and surfaces, rather than polygons, in a three-dimensional space. Creating 3D assets in this way allows for great mathematical precision, and such tools are often used in industrial design or computer-aided design (CAD) modeling.
Or you might opt to “scan” an existing real-life object using a specialized tool — the data captured from such a scan will allow you to re-create the object in a 3D space. Or you might prefer to go the route of procedural generation, in which your software sculpts a model for you based on a set of previously established mathematical rules.
However you create your 3D model, the next step is texturing.
2. Add materials to 3D objects.
Polygons define the shape of 3D objects, but by themselves they lack color or surface details. Artists are able to assign a texture to every polygon in a 3D object. Textures can be simple monochrome colors, or they can simulate the appearance of essentially any surface at all, from natural materials such as rock or wood to industrial metal or plastic surfaces.
A single 3D object can be made of thousands, if not millions, of polygons. The object might appear to have the modern, industrial smoothness of a kitchen blender or the rough skin of an elephant, but at its core it's still an object composed of polygons and somewhat blank surfaces. With the right 3D materials, however, it’s possible to create the illusion of 3D depth. These textures go far beyond simply adding reflectivity or color to an object — textures can add fine details such as stitching to a garment fabric, or rows of rivets along the edge of an industrial metal surface. Such details would be extremely time-consuming to create if you were to manually add them to the geometry of an object.
3. Add lighting to the 3D environment.
3D objects need to look like they exist in the real world. This is especially true for common use cases like architectural renderings and architectural visualization, which can turn a basic floor plan into a clear vision of what's to come.
Realistic light sources make all the difference in turning a collection of polygonal objects into a space that looks real. But 3D artists generally don't paint in light or shadows themselves. Instead, a 3D scene includes settings for the direction, intensity, and type of light source that illuminates the various objects.
Textures created with the respect by default physically based rendering (PBR) principles, and thus will appear realistic in all lighting conditions. So a wooden table will still appear to be wooden whether it’s placed on a sunny terrace, indoors, or even deep underground.
Notably, some surfaces and materials bend light or interact with it in distinctive ways. Glass and ice are translucent, so they reflect and refract light. Light plays on the surface of water and other liquids, and prisms make tiny rainbows when light hits them just so. A scene that is accurately textured, and artfully lit, can appear compelling and dramatic.
Once the 3D objects have been created and textured and the environment has been lit, the 3D rendering process begins. This is a computer-driven process that essentially takes a “snapshot” of your scene, from a point of view that you define. The result is a 2D image of your 3D scene.
Rendering software can create a single image, or it can render many images in rapid succession to create the illusion of real-time motion.
Rendering is not a uniform process — there are many methods that can be used such as real-time, ray-tracing, and so on that can affect the quality of the rendering.
7)
Sheets are used to plot view drawings of your building project. The sheet system in AutoCAD Architecture 2021 toolset consists of these components:
- Sheet: A sheet is a paper space layout that has been registered as a sheet. A sheet can contain one or more views.
- Sheet views: A sheet view is a paper space viewport created by dragging and dropping a model space view from the Project Navigator onto a sheet.
- Sheet sets: A sheet set is a collection of sheets. Within the sheet set, sheets are organized in sheet subsets.
- Sheet drawing: A sheet drawing is a drawing file containing one or more sheets.
Sheets, sheet subsets, sheet views, and sheet drawings are listed on the Sheets tabs of the Project Navigator.
Sheets and Sheet Drawings
The National CAD Standard (NCS) mandates that sheets should be stored in individual drawings, each with one sheet layout. The drawing name should be the sheet number in its sheet set. The AutoCAD Architecture 2021 toolset Project Navigator follows this standard, so that each new sheet is placed in a new sheet drawing. You can, however, create multiple sheets in one sheet drawing, if necessary.
Sheets and Annotation
Although it is recommended that annotation be placed in a view, you can add annotation, dimensions, and schedule tables in a view or a sheet, depending on your specific workflow and needs. Scheduling in AutoCAD Architecture 2021 toolset makes it easy to add annotation in both views and sheets.
Sheet Drawing Files
A sheet drawing is a DWG file. As opposed to other non-project drawing files, an XML file with the same name is created when you create a sheet drawing. The accompanying XML file contains information to connect the drawing file with the project.
Note: The XML file is created and updated automatically. You do not need to edit it but be careful not to accidentally delete it in Windows Explorer.
Sheets and sheet views are contained within sheet drawings. There are no corresponding XML files for individual sheets or sheet views.
Sheet Categories and Subsets
Sheets are organized in 2 different methods. In the Explorer View, sheet drawings are placed in category folders. When you create sheets or sheet views within a sheet drawing, they are placed in the host sheet drawing.
Sheet tab with Sheet Set View of project (left) and Explorer View (right)
In the Sheet Set view, sheets are organized in sheet subsets. Sheet subsets are a logical structure rather than a physical one. This means that the sheet and subset organization may not reflect the drawing file organization on disk. You can logically rearrange sheets into a different subset within the Sheet Set View, but that will not change their physical location in the category or folder. The sheet category folder does not need to be identical to the sheet subset in which the sheet is placed. However, to avoid confusion, it is recommended to have parallel structures in the sheet set and the sheet categories. When you remove a sheet from a sheet subset in the Sheet Set view, only the reference to the sheet in the subset is removed; the layout itself and its containing sheet drawing are not deleted from the Sheets folder or subfolder.
There are four different types of drawing:
- Structural Drawings
- Reinforcement Drawings
- Standard Details
- Record Drawings
1. Structural Drawings
Structural Drawings are used to progress the Architect’s concept by specifying the shape and position of all parts of the structure – thus enabling the construction of that structure on site. Structural Drawings are also used for the preparation of the reinforcement drawings. Structural Drawings would typically include the following information:
- North Point
- Setting out dimensions for the concrete structure on site.
- Plans, sections and elevations showing layout, dimensions and levels of all concrete members within the structure.
- Location of all holes, chases, pockets, fixings and other items affecting the concreting work.
- Notes on specifications, finishes and all cross-references affecting the construction.
- Provide the detailer with the layout and sectional information required to specify the length, shape and number of each type of reinforcing bar.
2. Reinforcement Drawings
Reinforcement drawings (or details), fully describe and locate all reinforcement in relation to the finished surface of the concrete and to any holes or fixings. They are primarily for the use of the steel fixers and it is preferable that they are kept separate from the general arrangement drawing. As a general rule, circular holes up to 150mm diameter and rectangular holes up to (150 x 150)mm in slabs and walls need not to be shown on the reinforcement drawings. For larger isolated holes with sides 500mm or less, either (i) displace affected bars either side of the hole,
