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FINAL PROJECT: DESIGN OF AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE USING MATLAB SIMULINK ABOUT ELETRIC VEHICLES: An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources,…
Akshay Chandel
updated on 27 Mar 2021
FINAL PROJECT: DESIGN OF AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE USING MATLAB SIMULINK
ABOUT ELETRIC VEHICLES:
An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels, fuel cells or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.
EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Modern internal combustion engines have been the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles for almost 100 years, but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.
Commonly, the term EV is used to refer to an electric car. In the 21st century, EVs have seen a resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased focus on renewable energy and the potential reduction of transportation's impact on climate change and other environmental issues. Project Drawdown describes electric vehicles as one of the 100 best contemporary solutions for addressing climate change.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EV:
We have design our model with the help of tools available in MATLAB Simulink. The raw view of the model is shown below.
As you can see the model looks very messy so we have sub-systemised this model so we can see which area functions what:
EXPALINATION OF MODEL AND THE BLOCK USED IN THE DESIGNING:
DRIVE CYCLE
The Drive Cycle Source block generates a standard or user-specified longitudinal drive cycle. The block output is the specified vehicle longitudinal speed. We have 1 WOT test cycle, 1 user defined and 1 real time input throttle which is nothing but a slider.
Here multiport switch is used to select the drive cycles available which can done changing the value of constant block input to multiport switch.
LONGITUDINAL DRIVER:
The Longitudinal Driver block implements a longitudinal speed-tracking controller. Based on reference and feedback velocities, the block generates normalized acceleration and braking commands that can vary from 0 through 1. We have use this block to model the dynamic response of a driver or to generate the commands necessary to track a longitudinal drive cycle. Its parameters settings is shown above. The block also contains PI controller.
MOTOR AND CONTROLLER:
The acc. command and decc. command from longitudinal driver is given to H-bridge through controlled PWM voltage block. outputs of which is given to DC motor. Explaination and configuration of individual block is shown below:
Controlled PWM voltage:
The Controlled PWM Voltage block represents a pulse-width modulated (PWM) voltage source. Electrical input ports — The block calculates the duty cycle based on the reference voltage across its ref+ and ref- ports. This modeling variant is the default. PS input — Specify the duty cycle value directly by using an input physical signal port. The settings of block is shown below:
H-bridge:
This block represents an H-bridge motor drive. The block can be driven by the Controlled PWM Voltage block in PWM or Averaged mode. In PWM mode, the motor is powered if the PWM port voltage is above the Enable threshold voltage. In Averaged mode, the PWM port voltage divided by the PWM signal amplitude parameter defines the ratio of the on-time to the PWM period. Using this ratio and assumptions about the load, the block applies an average voltage to the load that achieves the correct average load current. The Simulation mode parameter value must be the same for the Controlled PWM Voltage and H-Bridge blocks.
If the REV port voltage is greater than the Reverse threshold voltage, then the output voltage polarity is reversed. If the BRK port voltage is greater than the Braking threshold voltage, then the output terminals are short circuited via one bridge arm in series with the parallel combination of a second bridge arm and a freewheeling diode. Voltages at ports PWM, REV and BRK are defined relative to the REF port.
If exposing the power supply connections, the block only supports PWM mode. The settings of block is shown below:
DC motor:
This block represents the electrical and torque characteristics of a DC motor.
The block assumes that no electromagnetic energy is lost, and hence the back-emf and torque constants have the same numerical value when in SI units. Motor parameters can either be specified directly, or derived from no-load speed and stall torque. If no information is available on armature inductance, this parameter can be set to some small non-zero value.
When a positive current flows from the electrical + to - ports, a positive torque acts from the mechanical C to R ports. Motor torque direction can be changed by altering the sign of the back-emf or torque constants. The settings of block is shown below:
VEHICLE BODY AND TIRES:
The o/p from the DC motor is given to the simple gear which transfers the mechanical movement to tires. Tires are connected to the vehicle body (Front and rear accordingly). The vehicle uses a rear wheel drive system. Blocks used is explain below.:
Simple gear:
Represents a fixed-ratio gear or gear box. No inertia or compliance is modeled in this block. You can optionally include gear meshing and viscous bearing losses.
Connections B (base) and F (follower) are mechanical rotational conserving ports. Specify the relation between base and follower rotation directions with the Output shaft rotates parameter. Its setting is shown below:
Tire (Magic formula):
Represents the longitudinal behavior of a highway tire characterized by the tire Magic Formula. The block is built from Tire-Road Interaction (Magic Formula) and Simscape Foundation Library Wheel and Axle blocks. Optionally, the effects of tire inertia, stiffness, and damping can be included.
Connection A is the mechanical rotational conserving port for the wheel axle. Connection H is the mechanical translational conserving port for the wheel hub through which the thrust developed by the tire is applied to the vehicle. Connection N is a physical signal input port that applies the normal force acting on the tire. The force is considered positive if it acts downwards. Connection S is a physical signal output port that reports the tire slip. Optionally expose physical signal port M by setting Parameterize by to Physical signal Magic Formula coefficients. Its setting is shown below:
Vehicle body:
Represents a two-axle vehicle body in longitudinal motion. The block accounts for body mass, aerodynamic drag, road incline, and weight distribution between axles due to acceleration and road profile. The vehicle can have the same or a different number of wheels on each axle. Optionally include pitch and suspension dynamics or additional variable mass and inertia. The vehicle does not move vertically relative to the ground.
Connection H is the mechanical translational conserving port associated with the horizontal motion of the vehicle body. The resulting traction motion developed by tires should be connected to this port. Connections V, NF, and NR are physical signal output ports for vehicle velocity and front and rear normal wheel forces, respectively. Its setting is shown below:
SOC ESTIMATE:
Current sensor and controlled current source does the job of measuring current from battery which is used to estiamte SoC. Function and Setting of block used in shown below:
Rate transition:
Gain:
Discrete-time integrator:
CALCULATING DISTANCE (m/s to km):
The integration velocity we all know is speed. The integrator block does the same function here. To get the distance in km we have divided the value by 1000.
RESULTS:
The drive cycle we have chosen here is to get knowledge about the vehicle behaviour and response according to the input.
Velocity:
The yellow line is the actual vehicle speed and the blue is our drive cycle input.
Acc. command:
SOC and Distance travelled:
The SOC went down to 98% and regeneration can be seen which has given back energy to battery. The distance travelled was 0.85 Km (850 m).
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