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Design of an electric vehicle Create a MATLAB model of electric car which uses a battery and a DC motor. Choose suitable blocks from Powertrain block set. Prepare a report about your model including following: Objectives: 1. System level configurations 2. Model…
Chandrakumar ADEPU
updated on 10 Aug 2022
Design of an electric vehicle
Create a MATLAB model of electric car which uses a battery and a DC motor. Choose suitable blocks from Powertrain block set. Prepare a report about your model including following:
Objectives:
1. System level configurations
2. Model parameters
3. Results
4. Conclusion
Introduction:
A new study related to Vehicle/Automobile engineering says that by coming 2025, there will be a major transformation in the automobile sector. Many automakers are working to change the vehicle technologies, the major area is to decrease the pollution and use electrification in the upcoming vehicles. The researchers and automakers are continuously working to reduce CO2 emissions.
New technology like high capacity lithium type battery will be a major energy source for the propulsion of electric vehicles.
At present, with the new technologies, some manufacturer has launched its products which are Tesla, Chevy Bolt EV and Nissan leaf which are fully electric battery-based car.
The power and performance of electric vehicles is depending upon the two machines i.e. a brushless DC motor (BLDC) or an induction motor. The DC (direct current) is replaced by DC brushless motors and Induction motors. Also, the lead-acid battery is replaced by lithium-ion batteries for EVs. Because the future of both the components induction or brushless DC motors depends upon their demands and uses.
The most important components of electric vehicle areas:
MATLAB Modelling of Electric Car
Vehicle Technical Specification
By Using MATLAB SIMULINK System Block for Electric Vehicle design and the whole design is as:
Important Simulink Block used in Electric Vehicle design are:
MODELLING OF VEHICLE BODY SYSTEM:
The Vehicle Body block represents a two-axle vehicle body in longitudinal motion. The vehicle can have the same or a different number of wheels on each axle.
The block consists of body mass, aerodynamic drag, road incline, and weight distribution between axles due to acceleration and road profile. In optionally we can include pitch and suspension dynamics.
The block has an option to include an externally-defined mass and externally-defined inertia. The mass, inertia, and centre of gravity of the vehicle body can vary over the course of simulation in response to system changes.
In a given block
Main Settings
Drag Settings
Pitch Setting
Variable Settings
Other connected detail
For calculating the velocity here, we have created a subsystem i.e LOG mph, this block basically consists of PS Simulink converter, Gain, Zero order Hold.
TIRE MODELLING
The Tire (Magic Formula) block models a tire with longitudinal behaviour given by the Magic Formula, an empirical equation based on four fitting coefficients. The block can model tire dynamics under constant or variable pavement conditions.
The Tire (Magic Formula) block models the tire as a rigid wheel-tire combination in contact with the road and subject to slip. When torque is applied to the wheel axle, the tire pushes on the ground (while subject to contact friction) and transfers the resulting reaction as a force back on the wheel. This action pushes the wheel forward or backwards. If you include the optional tire compliance, the tire also flexibly deforms under load.
The figure shows the forces acting on the tire.
Where,
Fx = Longitudinal force exerted on the tire at the contact point
Fz = Vertical load on the tire
Ω = Wheel angular velocity
Vx = Wheel hub longitudinal velocity
In the particular block
In Tire block, we can change the parameter
Main Settings
Geometry Setting
Dynamic Settings
Rolling Resistance Setting
Advance setting
INERTIA
This block generally represents the mechanical rotational element.
Where,
T = Inertia torque
J = Inertia
Ω = Angular velocity
T = Time
So here the inertia value is 0.01 kg*m^2 and this block is connected with rear axle and (Simple Gear) final drive ratio to find the inertia because axel and gear are a mechanical rotating device.
SIMPLE GEAR
Simple Gear is a Final drive ratio which is a gearbox that constrains the connected driveline axes of the base gear and the follower gear.
B: The output B, base gear is connected with the input of DC motor R. It is a Rotational mechanical conserving port.
F: The output of F, follower gear is connected with the rear axle. It is also a Rotational mechanical conserving port.
In Simple Gear Block we can also do some changes according to our need.
Main Setting
Meshing Losses
Configuration Battery and SOC
BATTERY
Here we will add a battery system to run the vehicle system and vehicle too. So for that added battery from Simulink library.
Here I used a simple battery model. For a particular battery, there is some changes input.
If we are selecting battery charge capacity as Finite from the drop-down menu then this basically describes the series resistor and a charge-dependent voltage source and for this, a particular equation is which is dependent upon the voltage as a function of charge.
Where,
The connection of battery is as follow, the negative (-) terminal is connected with the ground and controlled current source physical port to the positive direction that indicates the flow.
The positive (+) terminal is also connected to the controlled current source of electrical conserving ports.
CONTROLLED CURRENT SOURCE
The Controlled Current Source block represents an ideal current source that is powerful enough to maintain the specified current through it regardless of the voltage across the source.
In this particular block, the two-port is connected with battery and one electrical conversing port is connected with PS-Simulink converter to the rate transition block and Scope block.
ELECTRICAL REFERENCE
The Electrical Reference block represents an electrical ground. For this model, this block is connected with battery negative (-) terminal.
PS-SIMULINK CONVERTER
The PS-Simulink Converter block converts a physical signal into a Simulink output signal. Use this block to connect outputs of a Physical Network diagram to Simulink scopes or other Simulink blocks.
For calculating the SOC (State of Charge) we have to create a subsystem which will consist of Rate transition, Gain, Discrete Time Integrator, Constant and Sum blocks.
RATE TRANSITION
It is used to transfers data from the output of a block operating at one rate to the input of a block operating at a different rate.
Input Signal: Input signal to transition to a new sample rate, specified as a scalar, vector, matrix, or N-D array.
Output Signal: Output signal is the input signal converted to the sample rate you specify.
A basic input for this block is as
GAIN BLOCK
The Gain block multiplies the input by a constant value (gain). The input and the gain can each be a scalar, vector, or matrix.
Here Gain value is the multiplication element and the input is 1/(50*3600), where 50is battery ampere and 3600 is second.
DISCRETE-TIME INTEGRATOR
The discrete-time integrator block is used for
SUM BLOCK
The Sum block performs addition or subtraction on its inputs.
In this block, the negative terminal will be connected with discrete-time integrator and positive terminal with constant.
DETAIL ABOUT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
DC MOTOR
The DC Motor block represents the electrical and torque characteristics of a DC motor using the following equivalent circuit model:
Here in this system, the positive terminal is connected with the current sensor negative terminal and negative terminal is connected with the negative terminal of H-Bridge.
R is DC motor rotor which connected with mechanical rotational port i.e. simple gear whereas C is DC motor case and it is connected with mechanical rotational reference.
A basic configuration of the DC motor is as follow:
Here for the particular model, I configure in DC Motor and try to change a basic setting in electrical torque.
Another Mechanical detail of DC motor is as follow
H-BRIDGE
The H-Bridge block represents an H-bridge motor driver.
Simulation mode and Load Assumption Settings
Input Thresholds
Bridge Parameters
Detail about connection
Here PWM output port is connected with PWM input port of controlled PWM voltage. The REF and REV port are connected with REF port of controlled PWM voltage port. The BRK port is connected with a controlled voltage source.
The positive (+) terminal is connected with the positive (+) port of current sensor and negative (-) port is connected with the negative (-) port of DC motor.
CONTROLLED PWM VOLTAGE
The Controlled PWM Voltage block represents a pulse-width modulated (PWM) voltage source. The input detail is as given below.
Detail about the connection
CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE
The Controlled Voltage Source block represents an ideal voltage source that is powerful enough to maintain the specified voltage at its output regardless of the current flowing through the source.
The block has one physical signal input port and two electrical conserving ports associated with its electrical terminals.
SOLVER CONFIGURATION
Solver configuration is used to begin the simulation and it is needed to solve the Simulink model. Here it is connected with controlled PWM voltage and H-Bridge negative connection by combination with electrical reference i.e ground signal.
LONGITUDINAL DRIVER
The Longitudinal Driver block implements a longitudinal speed-tracking controller
The detail of inputs is as given
Detail about parameter
Detail about connection:
DRIVE CYCLE SOURCE
For this particular electric vehicle here I used FTP75 drive cycle. The plotted drive cycle is as given:
The connection drive cycle RefSpd is connected with the VelRef of Longitudinal driver and to the Scoop results which generate the vehicle reference speed.
DISTANCE CALCULATION
Here the main block is an integrator, Divide, time block and for the result we have to use display block that will display the distance.
Detail about connection:
Integrator
The output port of the vehicle body is connected with the integrator block.
Divide
The output of the integrator block is connected with divide where it will be divided by time to get the final output.
Time
The output of time block is connected with the divide block. Here time is taken as 3600 s.
RESULTS
1. SOC %
The battery starts discharging with increasing the time
2. Current
current consumption of the vehicle isincreases with respect to the time. if the time inceases along with the accelaration the current consumption is gradually increases.
3. Speed
Here the yellow graph indicates the vehicle speed whereas blue graph indicates the reference speed.
As we can see the difference time between the reverence speed Vs vehicle speed, this is basically starting of vehicle speed.
the time period of the drve cycle is 10 sec.
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