Week 2 Challenge

1)

AIM:-

1. To assign Circular section to column

2. To assign Unit system to a .std model file

3. Parameters to be specified while using “Bay Frame” option

4. Name few codal standards incorporated in STAAD Pro software.

5. To specify the design compressive strength for a RCC section.

PROCEDURE: -

(1)

Go to the Properties Tab

Click on Define

Property dialogue box opens

Select Circle

Give Dia of the Column and choose Material.

Click on Add and close

Assign the property to the view.

(2)

Click on View Tab

Go to Options pallette

Select Display Option

Options dialogue box opens

Check the types of units.

(3)

Click on Geometry tab

Go to Structure Palette

Select Strucutre Wizard

Default.stp dialogue box opens

Change the model Type: Bay Frame

Open the Bay Frame

Here we see the Parameters

Length

Height 

Width 

No of bays along height

No. of bays along length

No of bays along width

(4)

Click on Analysis and Design Tab

Go to Design Commands

Selec the required Material

Design-Whole Structure dialogue box opens

Select the required Code.

Indian Codal standards are:

IS 456-2000

IS 13920-2016

IS 875-1987

IS 800-2007

IS 1893-2016

(5)

Click on Design tab

Select  Define Parameters

Design Parameters dialogue box opens

Click on FC and Input the Compressive strength of the concrete.

Input Geometry

Input Properties

Input Specs/constants/Supports

Input Loads and load Combinations

Input Design Standards

Specify Analysis Type

Analyse the Models

Select on Design Tab

Select IS code 456

Give Compressive strength of comprete

Run the analysis

Verify Results

Design

FIXED SUPPORT: -

Degrees of freedom which are to be treated as fully restrained, STAAD assumes the displacements to be known quantities whose value is zero. Hence, those degrees of freedom are not considered for the stiffness matrix, and their value is not calculated.

ENFORCED SUPPORT: -

Degrees of freedom which are to be treated as restrained, STAAD assigns a spring with a very high spring stiffness - translational stiff springs for translational restraints, and rotational stiff springs for rotational restraints. Those degrees of freedom which are free to displace are assigned springs of zero stiffness. Hence, for all the 6 degrees of freedom at such supports, the displacements are calculated. The ones which have a stiff spring will end up having a negligible displacement, and those with zero-stiffness-springs will have a displacement based on the structure geometry, properties and loading.

Go to the Analysis Tab.

Select Define Commands.

Analysis/Print Commands dialogue box opens.

Click on Performed Analysis.

Click on add and close.

In the Analysis and Design Tab

Under Analysis palette

Click on Run Analysis.

Save the File.

 

STAAD Analysis and Design dialogue box opens

Check any Errors.

Resolve If Any Errors using Commands and Put Plane as space.

Go to the Postprocessing

Select Load Combination

Click on Plate Results.

DIAGRAMS dialogue box opens

Select Plate Sress Contour

Select Load Case.

Select Stress Type

Check Max Absolute Stress

Check Major Principle Stress

After Analysis

Click on RESULTS Tab

Go to View Results Palette

Check SFD and BMD by Click on SFD and BMD tool.

Click on RESULTS Tab

Go to View Results Palette

Click on Layout 

Click on Graph to view SFD and BMD

 

 

RESULT: - 

1. Explained the steps involved in analysis of a model using STAAD Pro sequentially.

2. Explained the two ways in which a structural framework/model can be created in STAAD Pro software.

3. Elaborated the different support conditions in STAAD Pro.

4. Extracted the stress distribution for a staircase slab

5. Explained the different ways to view SFD & BMD in STAAD Pro.

6. Explained how to assign Circular section to column

7. Explained how to assign Unit system to a .std model file

8. Explained parameters to be specified while using “Bay Frame” option

9. Named few codal standards incorporated in STAAD Pro software.

10. Explained how to specify the design compressive strength for a RCC section.

2)

Aim :-

          The “Input” steps involved in RCC design.

Procedure :-      

Before initiation of Bidding and Construction phase of any project, i.e. in the pre-bidding phase, the viability of the project is checked by preparation of Conceptual design data, drawings and preliminary estimate, which is then passed through various administrative and technical authority, to check the financial and technical aspect of the project and to give the “go-ahead” signal to the project.

After the approvals, the first thing which is prepared is the detailed design of all the components of that project, as this will enable the preparation of Detailed Estimate, in order to make the owner aware of what actually the project will cost.

So the Design phase is one of the important phases in the execution of the project, which drives the execution of the project, and to the final project delivery.

In this article, I’ll try to explain the procedure of the Design of an RCC beam in sequential steps, according to the limit State method of Design, as this is the most common, easy to understand, and accurate method of Design, adopted in the design of almost every structural elements.

 

RCC Beam Design Steps

Design steps for RCC beam are as follows:

Step 1: In the first step, calculate the intensity of the load which is expected to act on the beam. This can be found out by adding the transferrable loads from the slab to the beam, and the self-weight of the beam. Also find out the clear span of the beam to be designed, from the provided drawings.

Step 2:  In the next step, find out the effective span of the beam. In case of a simply supported beam, the effective span is found out, should be the least of the following two values-

• Clearspan plus effective depth
• Centre to centre distance of the support.

In the case of Cantilever Beam, the clear span(overhang portion) is mostly adopted as the effective span to be used for the purpose of Design. After finding out the effective span of the beam, find out the bending moment and shear force, from the loads obtained through step 1.

Step 3: In this step, find out the trial dimensions of the beam. In the case of a simply supported beam, the trial depth is taken as l/12 to l/15, where l is the effective span of the beam. The breadth of the beam taken as is half the depth of the beam.

Step 4: Perform the Depth check step. The depth check formulae provide the minimum required depth of that beam and can be found out from any Design book. The provided depth should always be equal to or greater than minimum depth obtained. If not, the section should be redesigned by using different span to depth ratios.

Step 5:  Calculate the amount of reinforcement required. As the section Designed should be an under reinforced one, so that formulae required for under reinforced section should be adopted. After putting the required value in the formulae, a quadratic equation is going to be formed, which when solved, provides the amount of reinforcement used, depending upon the bending moment and the dimensions of the beam.

After finding out the amount of reinforcement used, it is then checked against the minimum reinforcement required for the section. It is also checked against the maximum reinforcement that should be used, which is generally 4% of the total cross-sectional area of the beam. If it does satisfy against this two of it, the section should be redesigned.

Step 6: In the next step, calculate the cross-sectional area of a single steel bar, that is going to be provided in the beam as per their diameter. Then by dividing the amount of reinforcement used obtained in the previous step, by the cross-sectional area of a single bar, the number of the bars required for bending can be found out easily.

The design for bending is completed

Step 7: The shear design starts. At the beginning of this step, find out the nominal shear stress and permissible shear strength depending upon the dimensions, and the percentage of tensile reinforcement. If the nominal shear strength exceeds the permissible shear stress, shear reinforcement is to be designed. It is also verified that the nominal shear stress should not exceed the maximum shear strength, either the section is redesigned.

Step 8: As per shear reinforcement formulae, the spacing of shear reinforcement is found out. The obtained spacing should not be more than—

• 0.75d, where “d” is the depth of the section
• 300mm.

It is also checked against the minimum spacing required.

Step 9: The Serviceability check is done. The Serviceability check includes, check for deflection and cracking. The development length is also found out from the given formulae.

Step 10: This is the last step of the Complete Design process, in which, detailed design data are provided and a cross-section of the beam showing the reinforcement detailing is also provided.

 

These are the steps required for the design of a beam (Simply supported and Cantilever). The steps can be remembered through practising, so the more the practice, more is the process becomes clear to the reader. The design of a beam accounts for a great part in Civil Engineering Course curriculum, as well as in the industry, where a designer is required to be very efficient and well known about every procedures and Method of Designing.

• So in order to assign the circular section to the column first we need to go to the properties panel.
• Then click on the option Define.
• Then there will be another dialogue box called property in that dialogue box select the option Circular section from the given list.
• After that give the desired diameter for the circular section.
• And then click on the Add option.
• And done, the circular section of desired diameter has been created.
• After that select the circular section which we have just created then select the option that says assign to the selected view.
• And then click on the option apply and then OK and that's it. 
• By doing the above procedure we can add the Circular section of any diameter to our column.

 

• At the initial stage.
• In the middle of the project.
• At initial stage itself we can assign the Units by clicking on the option Units system,
• we can choose the units system as Metric and English and then can create a model.
• And the second way by which we can change the units system is while working on a model. So in order to change the unit system while working just go to the option File and then there will be an option called settings just click on that option then there will be an option to change the Units.
• Above are the two ways by which we can change the Units to a .std model file.
• Length of the frame.
• Width of the frame.
• Height of the frame.
• Number of bays along length.
• Number of bays along width.
• Number of bays along height.
• Euro Codes.
• American Codes.
• ACI Codes.
• IS codes.
• BS Codes.
• ASCE Codes.
• CAN/CSA Codes.
• irst of all go to the Design panel.
• After clicking the option design there will be a dialogue box named as the Steel Design-Whole Structure and in that dialogue box there will be another option called Define Parameters just click on that option.
• After that there will be another dialogue box named as the Design Parameters in that dialogue box there will be various options at the left side of the dialogue box from there only choose the option FC from the given options and FC is the compressive strength of a RCC section.
• Now specify the compressive strength here based on the grade of the concrete that we adopted for the project.And this is how we can specify the design compressive strength for a RCC section.the STAAD Pro software. In the geometry panel we can draw the entire building using the geometry panel. 

RESULT :-

              The difference between Fixed and Enforced support condition in STAADPro the “Input” steps involved in RCC design.

3)

Aim :- 

            The steps involved in analysis of a model using STAAD Pro sequentially. the two ways in which a structural framework/model can be created in STAAD Pro software.

Procedure :-

Structural design is the systematic review of the stability, robustness, and rigidity of structures. Structural analysis and design are necessary for developing a structure that's potent enough to resist all applied loads without collapse. A software that helps structural engineers in this endeavor is STAAD.Pro.

Structural analysis is the study of behavior or effects on a structure when subjected to actions of external forces. Forces comprise various types such as seismic loads, dead loads, imposed loads, and many more.

To perform structural analysis, we implement various tools of basic and advanced mechanics. Some methods that we follow include: 

• Equilibrium Laws
• Conservation of Mass and Energy
• Energy Theorems
• Slope Deflection Method

These methods are profoundly quantitative and analytical in nature.

Structural design is discovering the right sections of structural components to bear the forces and loads we subject them to without inflicting damage. Some structural designs include: 

• Beams
• Columns
• Slabs
• Disc plates
• Bracing
• Bolts
• Stiffeners
• Welds

  We might wonder that this subject did not have any traces of existence in the medieval eras; however, structures and monuments from those eras have withstood the test of time, thanks to the fundamentals of design.

  Although we are now in a different time period, the reasons why we require the aid of structural designing remain just as critical: 

  1. It is a core subject.
  2. It reinforces the buildings with extra safety and integrity.
  3. It makes the construction economically feasible by knowing the precise amount of materials required.

   

  Applications

  Structural design and analytics are used across various domains that include:

  • Steel and Metals industry
  • Power Sector
  • Material Handling and Mining
  • Automobile and food industry
  • Real Estate
  • Commercial Complexes
  • Infrastructures like flyovers, bridges, and airports

    The steps that are involved in the analysis of the model using the STAAD Pro sequentially are discussed below:

    • So once the modelling have been completed and all the loads and the loads combinations have been assigned to the model, then comes the analysis part that is carried out in a sequential manner as discussed in the steps below.
    • So the first thing that we need to do in order to do the analysis of the building, just go to the Analysis panel, and there will be an option define commands just click on that option.
    • After that there will be another dialogue box named analysis/print command in that dialogue box, that dialogue box contains various options.
    • And then select the method that is based on our project.
    • And then click on the load list and make sure all the loads and load combinations are selected to
    • And then click on the option Add and close the dialogue box.
    • Then run the analysis by clicking on the run analysis options.

     

    2. Pro software.

    The two ways in which a structural framework/model can be created in STAAD Pro software are:

    • Node by Node method.
    • Structure wizard method.

    NODE-BY-NODE:

    • So the first way to model a building by adopting node-by-node method.
    • In this method we assign the nodes as per the architectural drawings that are placed manually by placing the co-ordinates.
    • We can assign the nodes to our building by using the geometry panel.
    • And these nodes can be transitionally repeated based on the building dimensions and the levels.

    STRUCTURE WIZARD:

    • So the second method is structure wizard method to model a building.
    • This method is an automated method as compared to the node-by-node method.
    • • To analyse the simply supported beam and to validate the results.We can create truss, frame and other structures just by using this method
        • Fixed Support Condition.
        • Pinned Support Condition.
        • Enforced Support Condition.
        • Enforced But Support Condition.
        • Multilinear Support Condition.
        • Tension/Compression only springs.
        • Foundation Support Condition.

        FIXED SUPPORT CONDITION:

        • Fixed support are restrained in all six degree of freedom ie FX,FY,FZ,MX,MY and MZ.

        PINNED SUPPORT CONDITION:

        • Pinned support are restrained against translation i.e FX,FY and FZ but can rotate freely i.e MX,MY and MZ.

        ENFORCED SUPPORT CONDITION:

        • Enforced support are also restrained in all six degrees of freedom but It contains spring constant.
        • First of all create the nodes of a staircase using the geometry panel option.
        • After creating the nodes assign the plate element as the Slab property. And then define load cases and calculate the area load that is acting on the staircase slab.
        • After this apply the load cases and the load combinations to the plate element as the area load.
        • And then create a mess on the plate element.
        • And after creating the mesh on the plate element go for the analysis of the model successfully, go to the Post-Processing mode option which can be present on the left side of the screen.
        • After clicking on the option post-processing mode, click on the plate result option.
        • After clicking the option there will be a drop-down list, in that list there will be another option called stress distribution result just click on that option.
        • Under the option stress type choose the appropriate stress type accordingly.
        • And then click on OK option.
        • After clicking on the OK button, the STAAD Pro software will show the stress distribution result.
        • And we can see the distribution result in the form of different colour zones which shows the maximum and the minimum stress values.
        • Different colours shows the different results of minimum and the maximum stress distribution among the staircase.
        • So this is how we can extract the stress-distribution for a staircase slab.
      • First of all draw the beam of length 20m. And to draw the beam of 20m use the node-by-node option.
      • After creating the nodes now draw the beams just as shown in the below given image:

                            

      • After creating the beam of 20m length now add the properties to the slab.
      • Add a rectangular section to the beam just as shown in the below given image:

                                          

      • Now click on the Add option and select the added section and choose option assign to the view and then click on the option Assign and click just as shown in the below given image:

                         

      • Now after assigning the property, now we will be assigning the material as Concrete.
      • In order to assign the material go to the material panel and then there will be another dialogue box in that dialogue box choose the desired material and assign it to the beam just as shown in the below given image:

                        

      • After assigning the material, now we have to assign the support conditions to the beam, its both ends are pinned.

              

      • And now assign the point load of 50 KN and both the loads are located at the 5m from each support just as shown in the below given image:

                                       

       

                                               

      • Now the loads of 50 KN have been assigned at both the ends just as shown in the below given image:

                           

      • After assigning the loads we will be doing the analysis, in order to run the analysis set the analysis method and run the analysis just as shown in the below given image:

                                       

      • The analysis has been done:

                                  

      • After doing the analysis go to the post-processing mode and select the load cases and check the SFD & BMD diagrams just as shown in the below given image:

      SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM:

                        

      BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM:

                                 B.Fixed Beam           

                 a. Span L = 16m

                 b. Uniformly Distributed Load w=9kN/m

    •  

       

      AIM: 

      • To analyse the Fixed beam and to validate the results.

      PROCEDURE:

      • First of all draw the beam of length 16m. And to draw the beam of 16m use the node-by-node option.
      • After creating the nodes now draw the beams just as shown in the below given image:
      • After creating the beam of 16m length now add the properties to the slab.
      • Add a rectangular section to the beam just as shown in the below given image:

                                   

      • Now click on the Add option and select the added section and choose option assign to the view and then click on the option Assign and click just as shown in the below given image:
      • Now after assigning the property, now we will be assigning the material as Concrete.
      • In order to assign the material go to the material panel and then there will be another dialogue box in that dialogue box choose the desired material and assign it to the beam just as shown in the below given image:

                        

      • After assigning the material, now we have to assign the support conditions to the beam, its both ends are fixed.

             

      • And now assign the point load of 9 KN just as shown in the below given image:

                                       

      • Now the UDL of 9 KN have been assigned at beam just as shown in the below given image:

                           

      • After assigning the loads we will be doing the analysis, in order to run the analysis set the analysis method and run the analysis just as shown in the below given image:
      Result :- The two ways in which a structural framework/model can be created in STAAD Pro software.