Week-4 Challenge WOT Condition Part-2

AIM:-

1. What is the difference between the mapped and dynamic models of engine, motor and generator? How can you change the model type? 
2. How does the model calculate miles per gallon? Which factors are considered to model fuel flow? 
3. Run the HEV ReferenceApplication with WOT drive cycle. Change the grade and wind velocity in the environment block. Comment on the results.
4. Keeping all other parameters the same, compare the simulated results of hybrid and pure electric powertrains.

 

Question 1:-

What is the difference between the mapped and dynamic models of engine, motor and generator? How can you change the model type? 

a)What is the difference between the mapped and dynamic models of engine, motor and generator?

Answer:-

Mapped Model:-

• The mapped model is one type wherever the information features are pre_assigned in lookup tables.
• The engine or motor torque needed is sensed and the motor or engine block generates the needed torque producing just as needed easily without analysing the real-time motor or engine, parameters
• The output values are collected to the corresponding delivered input values of the engine motor and generator
• The accuracy of this type is not that high but the simulation will be done in much less time as it does not run by real-time parameters.

Dynamic Model:-

• The dynamic model on the other hand uses the combination of the outputs from various subsystems to generate the output.
• It runs by real-time simulation where the required input from the drive cycle is taken and for that Individual real-time simulation gets performed and summing all the results of the subsystem gives the output for the simulation.
• As per the drive cycle requirements the initial Bus voltage, the current is given along with the vehicle feedback so that it runs the actual simulation at that particular moment throughout the drive cycle.
• The accuracy of this model is very high as it considers the real outputs from all the subsystems to generate the output.
• The simulation will take a very long time to complete as it has so many individual simulations running by all the subsystems of the engine, motor/generator.
• The figure below shows the working phase of the dynamic model.

b)How can you change the model type? 

Answer:-

following steps:-

step 1:- open the Explore the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Multimode Reference Application in that click the Simulink model name as autoblkHevStart of the as shown in given below figure

Step 2:- Then after opening above step 1 we have to HEV_Mm_Reference_Application Simulink block set now we have to select the Passenger Car block is given below figure. 

Step 3:- Then after opening the Passenger Car we have seen so many block sets but we have selected the electric plant block.  

step 4 then after opening the electric plant block we have seen two blocks set 

1.GenMapped 

2.GenDynamic  

now Right-click on the block of 2.GenDynamic 

Step 5:- Then after we have to select the Variant Manager after choosing one tab new windows open then we selected want we want to choose so we have to right-click on that then Set as Lable Mode Active Choice 

Question 2:- 

2. How does the model calculate miles per gallon? Which factors are considered to model fuel flow? 

a)How does the model calculate miles per gallon?

Answer:-

Miles per gallon:-

• Miles per Gallon is a fuel economy rating determined by how far a car can travel on a gallon of petrol or Diesel for an Engine powered car.
• In the case of an electric vehicle, it recognises the energy which is equivalent to that of an engine-powered car to propel the car through a distance.
• The amount of Fuel Energy required to move an engine-powered car through a distance is determined and then it is compared to the equivalent amount of electric energy required to move the car through the same distance and is expressed as the miles per gallon.
• The powertrain block set has a model that calculates the miles per gallon for all kinds of vehicles.

The transformation from a Mile per Gallon to Fuel Flow is mentioned below step 

Conversion from Cubic Meter to Gallon (m^3 to a gallon),

As we know 264.172 US Gallons is 1000L

The reference model taken here for consideration is HEV and as it operates on both the Battery and the Fuel Injection Engine.

The final output/Fuel Efficiency is calculated by keeping into consideration of the Battery Output. Fuel Output and the Vehicle Speed/Kilometres are Driven. Therefore the fuel efficiency is calculated and it is converted after the saturation thus the FE is calculated

b)Which factors are considered to model fuel flow? 

Answer:-

  Mainly three-factor is considered to model fule flow as shown in below figure 

1 Vehicle Speed 

2 Fule Flow 

3 Battery Power

1.Vehicle Speed And 2.Fuel Flow:

• The Vehicle speed is an important factor while considering the fuel consumption at that particular time. so to determine the fuel consumption throughout the drive cycle.
• To convert speed to Distance we can Integrate with time and we are doing the same of converting the velocity to get the distance covered by integrating

• Then the Fuel flow is expressed as the mass flow rate (i.e) the amount of fuel at each moment in Kg/Sec.
• Now integrating this will result in the mass of the fuel and by using this 1 we convert it to the volume and multiply by 1000 to get it In Litres.
• By comparing the two results we can get the amount of litre consumed to Run for 100km.

3.Battery Power:

• The amount of Energy from battery power required to propel the vehicle Equivalent to that of the Engine is calculated here.

• The battery power is given in watts and it is converted to Kw by dividing by 1000.

• Then we convert the power into energy by multiplying with the time into KWh.

• Then we convert the Energy from kWh to equivalent energy in US gallons of automotive gasoline by dividing by 33.7. since we get the energy in US Gallons equal in KWh we are trying to get the energy of equivalent LIS Gallons per second and we do this by dividing with 3600 and we convert the hour to seconds.

• Then multiplying with 0.00378541 we convert the US Gallons per sec to the volume of the fuel flow in (mA3/s) and then we multiply with 739 (California Phase Il Gasoline density) (l.e) mA3/s. kg/mA3 which gives the result as mass flow rate kg's.

• Then finally the Battery energy equivalent in kg/s is given as an input for the fuel flow parameter to find the equivalent US Gallons of energy and estimate the Miles per Gallon.

 

 

Question 3:-

Run the HEV ReferenceApplication with WOT drive cycle. Change the grade and wind velocity in the environment block. Comment on the results.

Hybrid Electric Vehicle:

• A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid type that combines a conventional Internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system
• The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or beer performance. An example of HEV Is Toyota Prius.

 

 

 

• In the powertrain blocks we have selected the hybrid electric vehicle and this is the Simulink model.
• Here we can select the input parameters as we wish and we can simulate to check the results.

Part=1

SIMULATION  SITUATION:-

The simulation is done for a Hybrid electric vehicle with a Wide Open Throttle Drive cycle.

              The Total cycle time=100 seconds

              The Top speed of this cycle = 70 mph

              Time to start deceleration =40seconds

              The Grade angle =0 degrees

              The wind velocity=0 m/s

 

• The above figure shows the results for the man and there are six plots in them.
•  Each plat shows a particular result and the plots are made in such a way the there is a cursor measurement and if we change the cursor on the cursor moves on to the other pics too which paves the way to study the result in
• The cursor enables us to study the behaviour of other result parameters better way corresponding to the acceleration of the vehicle.

Plot 1:

 Shows the velocity of the vehicle concerning the Drive cycle data with the Time scale on the axis

     The acceleration time to reach 70 mph =16.7 seconds

     The deceleration time from 70 to a minimum of 6.2 seconds

Plot 2:

 Shows the changes in the speed of the engine, motor and Generator in Rpm throughout the drive cycle.

   Peak Engine speed=4780 Rpm

   Peak Motor speed =5497 Rpm

   Peak Generator speed =13690 Rpm

Plot 3:

  Shows the Torque characteristics and its changes of engine motor and generator (Nm) throughout the drive cycle.

   Peak Engine torque = 138.7 Nm

   Peak Motor torque = 206.7 Nm

   Peak Generator torque-42.2 Nm

Plot 4:

 Shows the Battery Current values (A) and their changes per the Drive cycle.

   The peak current discharge from the battery =163.5A

   The peak current charging to the battery=-150.86 A

Plot 5:

 Shows the battery state of charge SOC (%) and its changes corresponding to inputs

    the driving The state of charge decreased from 60% to 39.6% of charge in a time period of 49.1 seconds, for the specified driving conditions.

Plot 6:

 Shows the Fuel Economy as Mile per Gallons for the corresponding conditions The maximum miles that the car can run per gallon of fuel equivalent 46 Miechothe given vehicle at the specified diving conditions.

Part=2

SIMULATION  SITUATION:-

The simulation is done for a Hybrid electric vehicle with a Wide Open Throttle Drive cycle.

              The Total cycle time=100 seconds

              The Top speed of this cycle = 70 mph

              Time to start deceleration =40seconds

              The Grade Angle =6 degrees

              The Wind Velocity=8 m/s

 

• In all the results we can observe some changes from the previous case
• Though the vehicle parameters and the drive cycle are the same here we considered some changes in the environment blocks by adding some hill climb angles and wind velocity 
• The changes in the results are given below

Plot 1:

  Shows the velocity of the vehicle concerning the Drive cycle data with the Time scale on the axis

   The top speed of 70 mph cannot be achieved as we have some additional forces acting and so the car can only run up to 57.2 mph

      The acceleration time s reach a top speed of 47.2 mph=405 seconds

     The deceleration the from 70 to a minimum of 4.06 seconds

Plot 2:

  Shows the changes in the speed of the engine, motor and Generator in aim throughout the drive cycle

     Peak Motor speed=81005 Rpm

     Peak Generator speed 12758.5 Rpm

     Peak Engine speed= 4555 Rpm

Plot 3:

 Shows the Torque characteristics and its changes of engine motor and generator in (Nm) throughout the drive cycle

   Peak Engine Torque=129.6 Nm

   Peak Motor torque=202.4 Nm

   Peak Generator torque-482 N

Plot 4:

  Shows the Battery Current values (A) and its changes for various per the Drive cycle.

    The peak current discharge from the battery-165.6A

    The peak current charging to the battery=-150.46 A

Plot 5:

  Shows the battery state of charge SOC (%) and its changes corresponding to the driving inputs

      The state of charge decreased from 40% to 20.98 % of charge in a time period of 40.3 seconds, for the specified driving conditions

Plot 6:

 Shaws the Fuel Economy as Mile per Gallons for the corresponding input driving conditions.

 The maximum miles that the car can run per gallon of fuel equivalent to 15.33 Miles. the given vehicle at the specified driving conditions.

Observation:

• The reproduction results for both the cases are found and we can see that reenactment 1 without the incorporation of slope climbing conditions and the and drag speed is significantly more proficient when contrasted with the recreation which incorporates the slope climbing conditions and the breeze drag speed The vehicle couldn't accomplish the necessary maximum velocity however utilizing the most elevated conceivable current release of that equivalent battery utilized previously
• The condition of charge additionally shows that the release is likewise high contrasted with reproduction 1
• The Fuel Economy is likewise down to half of the past recreation So one can say it is clear that the effectiveness of no-heap is high contrasted with the vehicle with extra loads following up on them and abo we have envisioned this utilizing the Powertrain block set

 

Question 3:-

Keeping all other parameters the same, compare the simulated results of hybrid and pure electric powertrains.

Answer:-

Pure Electric Vehicle:

•  A battery electric vehicle or pure Electric vehicle is an EV that exclusively uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs with no secondary source of propulsion (eg. hydrogen fuel cell, internal combustion engine, etc.) of energy

• BEVS use electric motors and motor controllers instead of a conventional Internal combustion engine for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs.

•  So they don't produce any emission of waste gas and they are eco friendly

• They also have their own limitations such as range etc.

• Example of a Pure EV is Nissan Leaf. 

 

Now comparing both the Pure electric and hybrid electric vehicle with the gives conditions in a simulation to observe the behaviour of both the type

Part=1

SIMULATION  SITUATION:-

The simulation is done for a pure electric vehicle with a Wide Open Throttle Drive cycle.

              The Total cycle time=200 seconds

              The Top speed of this cycle = 70 mph

              Time to start deceleration =40seconds

              The Grade angle =0 degrees

              The wind velocity=0 m/s

 

• The above figure shows the results for the man and there are six plots in them.
•  Each plat shows a particular result and the plots are made in such a way the there is a cursor measurement and if we change the cursor on the cursor moves on to the other pics too which paves the way to study the result in
• The cursor enables us to study the behaviour of another result parameter better way corresponding to the acceleration of the vehicle

 

Plot 1:

  Shows the velocity of the vehicle with respect to the Drive cycle data with the Time scale on the x-axis

    The top speed of 70 mph cannot be achieved as we have some additional forces acting and in the car can only cun up to 108.9mph

           The acceleration time to reach a top speed of 1089 mph-50.2 seconds

           The deceleration time from 80 to a minimum of 9.8 seconds 

Plot 2:

Shows the changes in the speed of the Motor in Rpm throughout the drive cycle.

      Peak Motor speed=1123 pm

Plot 3:

Shows the Torque characteristics cycle,

    Peak Motor turque=260 Nm

Plot 4:

 Shows the Battery Current values (A) and its changes for various acceleration per the Drive cycle.

     The peak current discharge from the battery=216.8A 

     The peak current charging to the battery=173.7 A

Plot 5:

  Shows the Battery state of SOC (%) and its changes corresponding to the driving charge inputs

        The state of charge decreased from 70% to 65.5% of charge in a time period of 40.3 seconds, for the specified driving conditions.

Plot 6

  Shows the Equivalent Fuel Economy and Mile per Gallons for the corresponding input driving conditions. Here there is no fuel in the pure electric vehicle however this gues equivalent      battery energy required that of the fuel energy and calculates the fuel efficiency The maximum miles that the car can run per gallon of fuel equvalent20.45 Miles for the given vehicle at the specified driving conditions

Part=2

SIMULATION  SITUATION:-

The simulation is done for a Pure Electric Vehicle with a Wide Open Throttle Drive cycle.

              The Total cycle time=100 seconds

              The Top speed of this cycle = 70 mph

              Time to start deceleration =40seconds

              The Grade Angle =6 degrees

              The Wind Velocity=8 m/s

 

Plot 1:

Shows the velocity of the vehicle with respect to the Drive cycle data with the Time The top speed of 70 mph cannot be achieved as we have some additional forces acting and so the car

scale on the x-axis can only run up to 48.9 mph

    The acceleration time to reach a top speed of 48.9 mph to 38.8 seconds

    The deceleration time from 70 to minimum = 3.63 seconds

Plot 2:

  Shows the changes in the speed of the engine, motor and Generator in aim throughout the drive cycle

     Peak Motor speed=6254 Rpm

Plot 3:

 Shows the Torque characteristics and its changes of engine motor and generator in (Nm) throughout the drive cycle

     Peak Motor torque=280.4 Nm

Plot 4:

  Shows the Battery Current values (A) and its changes for various per the Drive cycle.

    The peak current discharge from the battery=225.8A

    The peak current charging to the battery=-163.7A

Plot 5:

 Shows the battery state of charge SOC (%) and its changes corresponding to the driving inputs.

   The state of charge decreased from 70% to 65.5% of charge in a time period of 35 seconds, for the specified driving conditions

Plot 6:

Shows the Equivalent Fuel Economy as Mile per Gallons for the corresponding input driving conditions.

Here there is no fuel in the pure electric vehicles however this gives equivalent battery energy required that of the fuel energy and calculates the Fuel efficiency.

The maximum miles that the car can run per gallon of fuel equivalent = 21.45 Miles, for the given vehicle at the specified driving conditions

 

Observation(Pure Electric VS Hybrid Vehicle With Same Load Conditions)

1.  The electric vehicle when contrasted and a mixture of electric vehicles with the equivalent ecological and Drive cycle conditions brings about less maximum velocity accomplishment. The electric vehicle delivers more upsides of Motor speed and engine force contrasted with the half breed vehicle's engine alone, however, crossover vehicle when it joins the force of both engine and its motor it is higher than the electric vehicle's force. This is capable to pull the Hybrid vehicle at a higher maximum velocity contrasted with the unadulterated electric
2. As the unadulterated electric vehicle here utilizes a Lithium-particle battery contrasted with the Nickel-metal hydride battery the releasing limit and the pace of charging is higher in the unadulterated electric vehicle. As it can release at a quick rate the engine can deliver a high measure of force immediately contrasted with the mixture vehicle. Likewise, the condition of charge shows the battery productivity of the unadulterated electric to be higher than the mixture vehicle and this is additionally because of the battery type utilized in these vehicles/
3. The effectiveness of the Electric vehicle is higher than the crossover vehicle which is apparent from the miles per gallon quantities of both of these vehicles.
4. The electric vehicle produces zero outflows while the half breed one's produce squanders gas discharges. These are a portion of the perceptions from the examination of the above recreations utilizing Powertrain Blockset.