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Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry 1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA,…
Racha Pavan Kumar
updated on 01 Aug 2022
Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it
ANS:
A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery composed of cells in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion cells use an intercalated lithium compound as the material at the positive electrode and typically graphite at the negative electrode. Li-ion batteries have a high energy density, no memory effect (other than LFP cells) and low self-discharge. Cells can be manufactured to prioritize either energy or power density. They can however be a safety hazard since they contain flammable electrolytes and if damaged or incorrectly charged can lead to explosions and fires.
What is a lithium-ion battery used for.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are used in many products such as electronics, toys, wireless headphones, handheld power tools, small and large appliances, electric vehicles and electrical energy storage systems
Four Components of Li-ion Battery – Cathode, Anode, Electrolyte,
Separator
Lithium ion batteries consist of largely four main components: cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator.
Every single component of a Li-ion battery is essential as it cannot function when one of the components is missing.
Cathode determines the capacity and voltage of a Li-ion battery
A Lithium-ion battery generates electricity through chemical reactions of lithium.
This is why, of course, lithium is inserted into the battery and that space for lithium is called “cathode”.
However, since lithium is unstable in the element form, the combination of lithium and oxygen, lithium oxide is used for cathode.
The material that intervenes the electrode reaction of the actual battery just like lithium
oxide is called active material.
In other words, in the cathode of a Lithium ion battery, lithium oxide is used as an active material.
If you take a closer look at the cathode, you willl find a thin aluminum foil used to hold
the frame of the cathode coated
with a compound made up of active material, conductive additive and binder.
The active material contains lithium ions, the conductive additive is added to increase conductivity;
and the binder acts as an adhesive which helps the active material and the conductive
additive to settle well on the aluminum substrate.
Cathode plays an important role in determining the characteristics of the battery
as the battery’s capacity and voltage are determined by active material type used for
cathode.
The higher amount of lithium, bigger the capacity; and the bigger potential difference
between cathode and anode, higher the voltage.
The potential difference is small for anode depending on their type but for cathode, the
potential difference is relatively high in general.
As such, the cathode plays a significant role in determining the voltage of the battery.
Anode sends electrons through a wire
Just like the cathode, the anode substrate is also coated with active material.
The anode’s active material performs the role of enabling electric current to flow through the external circuit
while allowing reversible absorption/emission of lithium ions released from the cathode.
When the battery is being charged, lithium ions are stored in the anode and not the cathode.
At this point, when the conducting wire connects the cathode to the anode
(discharge state),
lithium ions naturally flow back to the cathode through the electrolyte,
and the electrons
(e-) separated from lithium ions move along the wire generating electricity.
For anode graphite which has a stable structure is used, and the anode substrate is coated with active material,
conductive additive and a binder.
Thanks to graphite’s optimal qualities such as structural stability, low electrochemical reactivity,
conditions for storing much lithium ions and price, the material is considered suitable to be used for anode.
Electrolyte allows the movement of ions only
When explaining about cathode and anode, it was mentioned that lithium ions move through the electrolyte
and electrons move through the wire.
This is the key in enabling the use of electricity in a battery.
If ions flow through the electrolyte, not only can’t we use electricity but safety will be
jeopardized.
Electrolyte is the component which plays this important role.
It serves as the medium that enables the movement of only lithium ions between the cathode and anode.
For the electrolyte, materials with high ionic conductivity are mainly used so that lithium ions move back and forth easily.
The electrolyte is composed of salts, solvents and additives.
The salts are the passage for lithium ions to move, the solvents are organic liquids used to dissolve the salts,
and the additives are added in small amounts for specific purposes.
Electrolyte created in this way only allows ions to move to the electrodes and doesn’t let electrons to pass.
In addition, the movement speed of lithium ions depends on the electrolyte type.
Thus, only the electrolytes that meet stringent conditions can be used.
Separator the absolute barrier between cathode and anode
While the cathode and anode determine the basic performance of a battery, electrolyte
and separator determine the safety of a battery.
The separator functions as a physical barrier keeping cathode and anode apart.
It prevents the direct flow of electrons and carefully lets only the ions pass through the internal microscopic hole.
Therefore, it must satisfy all the physical and electrochemical conditions.
Commercialized separators we have today are synthetic resin such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP).
Chemical Reactions occurring at Anode and Cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC , LFP & LTO
2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics?
ANS:
Battery Comparison
The battery can be compared on many different parameters such as nominal voltage, the weight of the battery, specific energy, etc. The chart given below compares data of different chemistry of Li-ion cell. For reference, we have also added NiMh, Ni-cd battery in the table below.
Battery Chemistry |
Temp min (℃) |
Temp max (℃) |
Cell Voltage (volts) |
Self-discharge (% / month) |
Cycles Times (max) |
Weight |
NiCd |
-20 |
60 |
1.2 |
20 |
800 |
Heavy |
NiMH |
-20 |
70 |
1.2 |
30 |
500 |
Middle |
Low Self Discharge NiMH |
-20 |
70 |
1.2 |
1 |
2000 |
Middle |
Li-ion (LCO) |
-40 |
70 |
3.6 |
10 |
1000 |
Light |
Li-ion (LFP) |
-40 |
80 |
3.2 |
5 |
12000 |
Light |
LiPo (LCO) |
-40 |
80 |
3.7 |
10 |
1000 |
Lightest |
Li-Ti (LTO) |
-40 |
55 |
2.4 |
5 |
20000 |
Light |
LMO |
- |
85 |
3.7 |
- |
700 |
Heavy |
Comparison of Different Li-ion Chemistries
The property of Lithium-ion cell depends completely on the cell chemistry. All the chemistries have their own pros and cons which need to be considered while selecting a battery for a specific usage. The table listed below compares different Li-Ion chemistries.
|
Lithium Titanite (Li2TiO3) — LTO |
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC |
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) — LFP |
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA |
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) — LCO |
Voltages Nominal (Volt) |
2.40V |
3.70V |
3.30V |
3.70V |
3.70V |
Typical operating range (V/cell) |
1.8V–2.85V |
3.0V–4.2V |
2.5V–3.65V |
3.0 V–4.2V |
3.0 V–4.2V |
Specific energy (Wh/kg) |
50–80Wh/kg |
150–220Wh/kg |
90–120Wh/kg |
200-260Wh/kg |
150–200Wh/kg. |
Charge (C-rate) |
1C typical; 5C maximum, charges to 2.85V |
0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V |
1C typical, charges to 3.65V |
0.7C, charges to 4.20V, fast charging possible with some cells |
0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V |
Discharge (C-rate) |
10C possible, 30C 5s pulse |
1C, 2C possible on some cells |
1C, 25C on some cells |
1C |
1C |
Cycle life |
3,000–7,000 |
1000–2000 |
5000-7000; up to 12000 possible in some cells |
500 |
500–1000 |
Thermal runaway |
200°C + |
210°C (410°F) |
270°C (518°F) |
150°C (302°F) |
150°C (302°F) |
Cost (per kWh) |
~$1,005 |
~$420 per |
~$580 |
~$350 |
- |
Application |
Electric vehicles, UPS, etc |
E-bikes, E-Rikshaw, industrial equipment, etc |
E-bikes, E-Rikshaw, Battery Energy storage system for discoms, offices and homes |
Medical devices, industrial equipment, electric vehicles |
Smart watches, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras |
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