Software-in-the-loop (SIL)

Steady-State Heat Conduction Steady-state conduction is the form of conduction that happens when the temperature difference(s) driving the conduction are constant, so that (after an equilibration time), the spatial distribution of temperatures (temperature field) in the conducting object does not change any further. Thus,…

Electric Vehicle Electric vehicles are also called Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV). These are fully-electric vehicles with rechargeable batteries and no gasoline engine. Battery electric vehicles store electricity onboard with high-capacity battery packs. Their battery power is used to run the electric motor and all onboard…

Q1a. How weakest cell limits the usable capacity of the battery pack? The weakest cell limits the because it sets a barrier for the entire battery pack to work with limitations. The weak cell may not fail immediately but will get exhausted more quickly than the strong ones when on a load. On charge, the low cell fills…

Thermal Management All batteries depend for their action on an electrochemical process whether charging or discharging and we know that these chemical reactions are in some way dependent on temperature. Nominal battery performance is usually specified for working temperatures somewhere in the + 20°C to +30°C range…

Model-Based Design Model-based development is an embedded software initiative where a two-sided model is used to verify control requirements and that the code runs on target electronic hardware. One side is the Control Model, representing the embedded software of the system. The architecture of the embedded software…

Curve fitting  Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical functions, which posses the closest proximity to the real dataset. Curve fitting can construct a mathematical relation between the observed dataset and parameter values. It is highly effective in the mathematical modeling…

Data Analysis Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modelling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under…

Design and Study of  Electric Pushback Vehicle for Aircrafts  Q1. Search and list out the total weight of various types of aircraft.  An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift…

Simulation of Laminar Flow through a Pipe in OpenFoam Liquid or gas flow through pipes or ducts is commonly used in heating and cooling applications and fluid distribution networks. The fluid in such applications is usually forced to flow by a fan or pump through a flow section. The friction, which is directly related…

Simulation of Laminar Flow through a Pipe in OpenFoam Liquid or gas flow through pipes or ducts is commonly used in heating and cooling applications and fluid distribution networks. The fluid in such applications is usually forced to flow by a fan or pump through a flow section. The friction, which is directly related…

To simulate a Transient Incompressible-Laminar-Viscous flow through the backwards-facing step geometry transient simulation   Transient Incompressible-Laminar-Viscous Flow Incompressible Flow Incompressible flow refers to a flow in which the density remains constant in any fluid parcel, i.e. any infinitesimal…

Curve fitting  Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical functions, which posses the closest proximity to the real dataset. Curve fitting can construct a mathematical relation between the observed dataset and parameter values. It is highly effective in the mathematical modeling…

Q1. Create a Simulink chart for the “Gear shift” logic Input Speed Range Gear 0 to 15 1 16 to 25 2 26 to 40 3 41 to 60 4 Above 61 5   Transmission System A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term 5-speed transmission refers…

Solving the second order differential  equation to find motion of a simple pendulum with damping   Simple Pendulum A pendulum is a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position,…

Q1. Make a Simulink model of Doorbell using a Solenoid Block An electric bell is an electro-mechanical bell that functions by means of an electromagnet. When an electric current is applied, it produces a repetitive buzzing, clanging, or ringing sound. The electric bell runs on the principle…

Rankine Cycle Simulator Rankine Cycle The Rankine cycle is a model used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems. It was also used to study the performance of reciprocating steam engines. The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into mechanical work while undergoing…

Parsing a file in Matlab Parsing a file means reading in a data stream of some sort and building an in-memory model of the semantic content of that data. This aims at facilitating performing some kind of transformation on the data.   Aim and Introduction NASA  came up with polynomials that can…

To optimise the stalagmite function and find the global maxima of the function. Genetic Algorithm (Ga) is a search-based optimization technique based on the principles of Genetics and Natural Selection. It is frequently used to find optimal or near-optimal solutions to difficult problems which otherwise would…

ADVISOR Tool for Simulation ADVISOR, NREL’s ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR, is a set of model, data, and script text files for use with Matlab and Simulink.  It is designed for rapid analysis of the performance and fuel economy of conventional, electric, and hybrid vehicles.  ADVISOR also provides a backbone…

Q1. What is the difference between the mapped and dynamic model of engine, motor and generator? How can you change the model type? Mapped Model System  A mapped model uses a set of steady-state lookup tables to characterize the model performance. It is used quasi-steady-state engine simulations, where we have the…

System-Level Simulation of an All-Terrain Vehicle System-level simulation (SLS) is a collection of practical methods used in the field of systems engineering, in order to simulate, with a computer, the global behavior of large physical systems. An all-terrain vehicle is an off-road vehicle which is…

Q1. Which types of power converter circuits are employed in electric and hybrid electric vehicles? A converter is an electrical circuit that accepts a DC input and generates a DC output of a different voltage, usually achieved by high frequency switching action employing inductive and capacitive filter elements. Power conversion…

Power Electronics Power electronics is the application of semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs)  to the control and conversion of electric voltage. In order to achieve the purpose of voltage electronics, the devices are made to work as nothing more than a switch. All the voltage…

Coulomb Counting Method Coulomb counting method is a type of book-keeping estimation method that uses battery discharging current data as input. This method permits to include some internal battery effects as self-discharge, capacity-loss and discharging efficiency. Two kinds of book-keeping estimation methods have been…

Q. Prepare a table that includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP, and LTO type of lithium-ion cells. A lithium-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are growing…

Generic Battery Model The Battery block implements a generic dynamic model that represents the most popular types of rechargeable batteries.   Equivalent Circuit Cell Modelling To understand the battery behaviour we need to model the phenomenological analogues using common electrical circuit elements, thus…

Fuel Cell A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain…

Taylor Series The Taylor series of a function is an infinite sum of terms that are expressed in terms of the function's derivatives at a single point. `f(x)=f(a)+(f'(a))/(1!)(x-a)+(f''(a))/(2!)(x-a)^2+(f'''(a))/(3!)(x-a)^3+...,` For example, the below graph shows approximation at x=0, here we can see that as the number…

Simple Pendulum A pendulum is a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium…

Converging Diverging Nozzle Ramjets, scramjets, and rockets all use nozzles to accelerate hot exhaust to produce thrust as described by Newton's third law of motion. The amount of thrust produced by the engine depends on the mass flow rate through the engine, the exit velocity of the flow, and the pressure at the exit…

Otto Cycle An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition piston engine. It is the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines.The Otto cycle is a description of what happens to a mass of gas as it is subjected to changes of pressure, temperature,…

Braking The braking system is one of the most critical functions upon which the safety of the entire vehicle dependent. The two most crucial function of the braking system are to stop the vehicle in the shortest possible distance in case of emergency and to maintain control over the vehicle's direction. Mostly a brake…

Electric Vehicle Electric vehicles are also called Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV). These are fully-electric vehicles with rechargeable batteries and no gasoline engine. Battery electric vehicles store electricity onboard with high-capacity battery packs. Their battery power is used to run the electric motor and all onboard…

Fuel Cell A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain…

Lead Acid Battery Lead-acid battery technology is commonly used in automotive SLI (Starting, Lighting and Ignition) applications because they are robust, tolerant to abuse, tried and tested and because of their low cost. For higher power applications with intermittent loads, however, Lead-acid batteries are generally too…

Battery Management System A battery management system (BMS) is an electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area[clarification needed], monitoring its state, calculating secondary data, reporting that data, controlling…