1) FOURTH ORDER APPROXIMATION OF THE SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVE CENTRAL DIFFERENCE `trianglex^2*(del^2f)/(delx) approx a*f(i-2) + b*f(i-1) + c*f(i) + d(f(i+1) +e*f(i+2)` ...(equation 'I')` Expanding the above equation using Taylor table method,   Taylor series terms `f(i)` `trianglex*f'(x)` `trianglex^2 * f''(x)` `trianglex^3*f'''(x)`…

Steady State Matlab code for steady-state %Solving 2-D steady and unsteady heat conduction clear all close all clc Lx = 1; % Length in x-axis Ly = 1; % Length in y-axis nx = 50; % number of nodes in x-axis ny = 50; % number of nodes in y-axis x = linspace(0,Lx,nx); y = linspace(0,Ly,ny); dx = Lx/(nx-1); dy = Ly/(ny-1);…

Types of Governing Equations : Conservative equation  Non - conservative equation Conservative Equation  (Continuity equation, Momentum equation, Energy equation) Continuity Equation: `(del(rho'A'))/(delt') + (del(rho'A'V'))/(delx')` Momentum Equation: `(del(rho'A'V'))/(delt') + (del[rho'A'V'^2 + (1/gamma)p'A'))/(delx')…

Objective The objective of this project is to compare the variation in solution by changing the grading pattern mesh size. OpenFOAM software is used in this project for simulating the CFD models. ParaView post-processing software is used to view and post-process the obtained results. Steps:  1) Creating a backward-facing step…

AIM: To study the factors affecting the output temperature in an air mixing tee simulation and deciding which turbulence model is best suitable in this case and performing mesh independence test on one of the cases.   INTRODUCTION: Mixing Tee: Mixing Tees are used for efficiently mixing two fluid streams into one…

AIM: Study the phenomenon of Von-Karman vortex with the variation of Reynold's number and calculating Strouhal number for the flow over a cylinder under steady and unsteady simulation.   ABSTRACT: This project is divided into two parts  1) Calculation of strouhal number and studying the formation of vortex behind…

Aim: A literature review on the need for interpolation schemes  and flux limiters in Finite Volume Method (FVM) Types of Numerical Methods used in CFD 1) Finite Difference Method ( FDM ) 2) Finite Element Method ( FEM ) 3) Finite Volume Method ( FVM ) In the above figure, P and E are computational nodes of a…

Aim: Overview of batteries and their chemistry. Batteries:              Batteries are an electrochemical storage device used to store electrical energy in a chemical form. Types of Battery cells: Primary cells - These are single time use cells and cannot be recharged once the cell…

AIM: Lead Acid Battery mathematical modeling and comparing the effect of discharge rate on capacity. INTRODUCTION: Lead-acid batteries are used in start-stop automotive systems and large-scale grid energy storage systems. Lead-acid batteries use lead as anode material and lead dioxide as a cathode material. The electrolyte…

AIM: Generic battery simulation under UDDS load cycle INTRODUCTION: A generic battery model is used from the Simulink library database and configured using Samsung Datasheet for Li-ion type cell ( Samsung INR18650-25R). The battery cell used for the following simulation is as follows: Battery type: INR18650-25R Cell…

AIM: To learn Fuel cell behavior using Matlab/Simulink INTRODUCTION: Fuel cell: A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. A fuel cell is one of the good alternatives for a battery as an energy storage device as well as an alternative for IC engine vehicles. Currently,…

AIM: Computational Aerodynamics analysis of Wake flow, Lift, Drag, and Vortex formation on the surface of Ahmed's body  INTRODUCTION: Ahmed Body and its importance: Ahmed's body is a generic form of the car body that resembles all the essential flow features around a vehicle. This generic form was first defined…

SOC: SOC stands for the state of charge of a battery. SOC represents the amount of energy left inside the battery with respect to the total amount of energy in a battery at the Fully charged condition. SOC can help a user to determine when to charge the battery or stop charging and how much energy he can extract from…

Battery pack balancing: Battery pack balancing is done by BMS ( Battery management system) to get the maximum possible capacity out of the cell and keep them at equal working parameters. Balancing may be needed in cells with the same specification (i.e voltage, capacity, etc) or cells with different specifications. Capacity…

Aim: Study thermal management techniques for a battery pack. The necessity of thermal management: The ideal working temperature for Li-ion batteries ranges between 20-40 degrees celsius. A Li-ion battery has maximum energy storage capacity and high power output between these temperatures. If the temperature drops below…

AIM: CHT analysis of 4 cylinder engine exhaust port. INTRODUCTION: Conjugate heat transfer: CHT stands for conjugate heat transfer. CHT analysis helps us to accurately predict the temperature behavior in solids or fluids due to thermal interaction between solids or fluids or a solid and a fluid. CHT analysis helps us to…

AIM: Battery sizing and designing a modular structure of an 18 kWh HEV battery pack.     CELL SPECIFICATIONS: Battery cell: Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) based on nano phosphate technology by LithiumWerks. Voltage (nominal): 3.3 V Capacity (25 ºC): 2.6 Ah (2.5 Ah) – we will select the minimum capacity…