Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

Solutions:

1.

Lithium - ion batteries are the best and most commonly found batteries that are almost used in every field of application due to their robust and most often liquid less designs that have high energy desnities and specific energy values. They are relitively inexpensive to make depending upon the type. they operate well under loads and are capabke of bearing high temparature and shocks.

LOC - Lithiun Cobalt Battery:-

                These batteries are manufactures using lithium carbonate and coblat. They have a very heigh specific energy and thus are used in electronics. They have short battery life and low specific power. Cobalt’s high energy density allows batteries to pack more energy in smaller spaces, making them lightweight and powerful at the same time. In addition, its ability to withstand high temperatures increases the safety and reliability of EVs.

Chemical formulae - LiCo02(Lithium Cobalt Oxide)

invention - 1991

Energy density - 150-200 wh/kg

Cycle life - 500-1000

charge(c-ratte)- 0.7 to 1 C, 420v

Anode - LiaC6(graphite carbone)

Cathode- LibCo02(cobalt oxide)

Carrier - Li+

Used: electronic devices and older or cheaper laptop batteries

advantages:

* High energy density

* Long runtime

Disadvantages

* High loads heat the battery

* Low discharge current 

* Limited safely

*Effected by cycling and aging

* High resistance and unservicable

NMC- Lithium Manganese cobalt Oxide:-

                              These are also known as lithium manganese spinel batteries(Li- LNMC, NMC, or NCM). The mail energy manufactured the first commercial lithoum-ion cells using lithium manganese oxide as the cathode material in 1996.These batteries are safer And hive a higher stablity towards high temparature operations. They are mostly found and used in medical applications and tools

For these types of batteries generally the cathode and anode is  a blend of multiple materials and cannot be defined as it varies from each manufacture.

Chemical formulae - LiNi_xMn_yCo_zO₂

Invention- 1980

Energy density- 150-200 Wh/kg

Anode _ LiaC6(Multi- material mixture)

Cathode- LibCo02

Carrier - Li+

Used: Mostly found in mobile electronics

Advantages:

* Long life

* Low cost

* High density in a small package

* Cathode contains most current

Disadvantages

* Based on the materials added the diadvantages vary

* The growth or shrinkage of batteries

* poor stability

* Low volatge Output

 

LFP - Lithium Iron Phosphate

                  The Phospate is used as a cathode, these are also often used as li- phosphate batteries. They have low resistance qualities which iprove thermal stability and safety. They are more durable and perform for higher life cycles and cost liess. They form a carbon nantube type of structure to store energy.

Chemicaal formulae - LiFePO4

Cycles - 2000 to 12000

invention - JohnB Goog enough 1950

Energy density - 90-160 Wh/kg

Charge- 3.2v or 610 C/g

Anode- graphite carbone in mettalic backing

Cathode - polyanion class of cathode (C- LiFePO4)

Carrier - Li+

Specific capacity- 170mA

Used: It is mostly seen in solar energy related applications

Advantages:

* Low cost

* Low Taxicity

* Well defined performance

* Stability

Disadvantages

* More stable or fully charged conditions

* Low nominal voltage

* Self discharge

LTO- Lithium Titanate

           These are often called as li-titanate. These batteries have a growing number of uses because if its superior nano- technology. these abtteries recharge very quickly, these batteries are often occupied and used with other batteries and are mostly used in electrical vehicles. The problem with such batteries is that they have very low intinsic voltages and energy density. They are also used in aerospace applications and they can be made smaller thanother batteries and thus are used in several backup and data protection applications.

Chemical Formulae - Li2Tio3

Invention - 2005 by altairnano

Energy density- 117 Wh/L

Specific energy- 60-110 Wh/kg

Cycles - 6000-10000

Anode - Lithium titanate nanocrystals

cathode - layers of molten carbon

Charge- 204v

Carrier - Li+

Used: Military, aerospace are the two main industries thst use these batteries

Advantages:

* safety and stability  during use

* Highly reliable

* Fast charging and performance

* Long life cycle

* Temparature resistance

Disadvantages

* Low energy density

* Cost

* Excessive R&D required before use

 

NCAs - Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide

                   Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide batteries are being used in electric vehicles and grid storage. They have very little use in the general consumer electronics and mostly used for automobiles or defence related industries, They are of  a high energy with long life span. They however lock in terms of safety. Thus they require sophisticated monitoring and regulating control systems.

Chemical Formulae - LiNi_0,84Co_0,12Al_0,04O₂.

Invention - 1999

Anode - graphite's and hard carbons

Cathode - lithium, nickle, cobalt, aluminium cations

Carrier - any of the cations

Charge - 3.6 to 4 V

Used: Used greatly by panasonic and tesla

Advantages; 

* Cost

* storage

* Stability and safety

Disadvanatges 

* Deuteriation and breakdown

* overcharge therm al run away

 

Lmo- Lithium Manganes Oxide Battery 

                              This is structured as a spinel inside the battery to improve the flow of ions. It includes lithium saults that serve as an organic solvent and acts like the bridge. These types of batteries are generally not rechargable. They are designed to be very flexible and can be used in a wide range of applications.

Chemical formulae - Li₂MnO

Invention - 1996

Energy density - 150-200 Wh/Kg

Cycle Life - 500-1000

Charge (c-rate) - 1C-10C, 3.5v

Anode - Lithium

Cathode- Manganese

Carrier - Li+

Used: Non rechargable batteries for small scale electronics.

Advantages:

* Low cost

* Easy to manufacture

* High temparature range

* Stable and safe

Disadvantages;

* Not rechargeable

* Although safe may explode

* Due to ease of manfacturing. Fakes and low quality products are made

* May get damaged during transporting

* And if harmful when exposed to ultrasonic waves.

2.

Definitions:

Energy density is how much of energy a battery contains in proportion to its weight. This measurment is typiclally presented  in watt-hours per kilogram(Wh/kg).

Specific energy or massive energy is energy per unit mass. It is also called as Gravimetric energy density or just energy density thoughenergy density more precisely means energy per unit volume.

Cycle- Each round of full discharge to full charge is one cycle.

Capacities - Batteries have different ratings for the amount of power given battery can store. When a battery is fully charged the capacity is the amount of power it contains.

Nominal Cell Voltage- The avg voltage of a cell  outputs when charged. The nominal voltage of the battery dpends on the chemical reaction behind it

Shape- Batteries cam in many sizes and shapes.The term 'AA' references  a specific shape and style of a cell.

Primary and Secondary- Primary batteries are synonymus with disposable. Once fully-drained primary cells can't be recharged. Secondary batteries are better known as rechargeable.These require another power house to fully charge backup.

Internal discharge rate- The rate at which battery discharges overtime itself is called internal discharge rate.

Safety- Because batteries store power, they are basically very tiny explosives. To prevent harm batteries are designed to be harmless as possible.