Frontal Crash Simulation on Car BIW

Frontal Crash Simulation 

 

Aim -

• To run a simulation for the frontal crash [BIW] and to obtain a results in the post processing.

 

Objective -

• To check the unit system in the solver.
• To create an appropriate interface ,friction 0.2 and recommended parameters.
• To check for the penetrations and intersections.
• To create rigid wall with a friction 0.1.
• To add extra mass to attain a target mass of 700 kg.
• To apply initial velocity to the car.
• To create sections and find sectional force in the Rails,Bumper,Shotgun,A Pillar.
• To create spring elements to get intrusions and to calculate the intrusions.
• To create accelerometer to calculate acceleration of the car.
• To create TH for all the inputs requested.
• To run the simulation.
• To plot the graphs in the post processing.

 

Theoretical FrameWork -

• Frontal impact is performed at 64kph (40mph), the car crashes into a deformable barrier with 40% of its width front on the driver side (offset). Readings taken from the crash test dummies are used to assess protection given to adult occupants in the front seat.
• Each car tested is subjected to an offset impact into an immovable block fitted with a deformable aluminium honeycomb face.
• This impact is intended to replicate the effect caused in the car when crashing 55km/h 50% offset frontal crash with a similar mass car. As most frontal crashes involve only part of each car's front, the test is offset to replicate a half width frontal impact between two cars.
• In the test, this is replicated by having 40 percent of the width of the car crashing into the aluminium deformable barrier. This represents the most frequent type of road crash, resulting in serious or fatal injury.
• The barrier face is deformable to represent the deformable nature of the cars. Two adult dummies are placed representing average size men in the driver's seat and front passenger and two children, aged 18 months and 3 years old, on child restraint systems are placed in the rear seat.
• Contact between the occupant and hard and intruding parts of the passenger compartment is the main cause of serious and fatal injuries for restrained adult car occupants.
• The test speed of 64 km/h represents a car to car collision with each car travelling at around 55 km/h and crashing 50% of their width.
• The difference in speed is due to the energy absorbed by the deformable face. Accident research has shown that this impact speed covers a significant proportion of serious and fatal accidents.
• By preventing intrusion, the chances of the occupant impacting the car's interior is minimised with space remaining for the restraint system to operate effectively. Steering wheel and dashboard mounted airbags are an important part of the driver's restraint system.

 

Figure 1-Frontal Crash.

 

Figure 2-Forntal Crash Test.

 

[Note : According to FMVSS [Federal Motor Vehicle Saftey Standards].Assign a initial velocity of 35mph,1mph=0.44704 m/s,=35x0.4470,=15.6464 m/s.]

 

 

 

Procedure :

 

Phase 1-Check unit system and either follow [Mg mm s] or [Kg mm ms].

• While opening hypermesh software,A user profile window will pop up,Switch to the radioss user profile as shown in below Figure 3 and start importing the model into the solver deck.

 

Figure 3-User Profile Window.

 

• Now after switch the user profile to radioss,import the model (starter file) into the radioss solver deck.
• To import the model,Go to Standard Panel >> Import >> Import Solver Deck.

 

Figure 4-Importing Model into Radioss Block.

• Import Solver Deck option should be selected to import the radioss starter file.

 

Figure 5-Selecting the Starter File to Import.

 

• Here the import browser will appear as shown in above Figure 5,Select the appropriate starter file to import into GUI.
• Switch the File Type to Radioss Block and import the model into GUI.

 

Figure 6-Model Imported into GUI.

• Here the model is in wireframe mode,Switch to the shaded mode as shown in below Figure 7.
• To switch to shaded mode,Go to Visualization Tab >> Shaded Elements and Mesh Lines.

 

Figure 7-Visualization Tab to Switch to the Shaded Elements and Mesh Lines.

 

Figure 8-Shaded Elements and Mesh Lines Mode.

• Now go and check for the unit system of the model,To check for the unit system,Go to the Model Browser >> Control Cards >> BEGIN_CARD.
• Check for the unit system is shown in below Figure 9.

 

Figure 9-Unit System [kg,mm,ms.]

 

• Now go to the HyperCrash,To go,Go to Menu Bar >> Applications >> HyperCrash.Which is shown in below Figure 10.

Figure 10-HyperCrash Application.

 

• Make sure whether the unit system in hypercrash is [ kN, kg, mm, ms].Which is shown in below Figure 11.

 

Figure 12-HyperCrash Application Window.

• Now import the model in hypercrash,To import the model,Go to Menu Bar >> File >> Import >> Radioss.Which is shown in below Figure 13.

 

Figure 13-Import the Model into HyperCrash.

• Here select the appropriate Radioss File and import the model into hypercrash.Which is shown in below Figure 14.

 

Figure 14-Select the Appropriate Radioss File.

 

Figure 15-Model Imported into HyperCrash GUI.

 

Phase 2-Mass Balancing [ Adding Mass to the Model to get COG at Proper Position] :

 

• Here the COG is not in a proper position which is shown in below Figure 18.So we need add mass to get COG at proper position,Its like balancing.
• To Check the Mass and COG [Centre of Gravity],Go to HyperCrash Menu Bar >> Mass >> Balancing,Which is shown in below Figure 16.

 

Figure 16-Mass Panel.

 

Figure 17-Mass Balancing Panel.

 

• After hitting on the specs icon which is shown in above Figure 17.The initial position of COG will appear which is shown in below Figure 18.

 

Figure 18-Initial Position of COG.

 

• Now mass should be added to get COG in a proper position.It should be in centre of the cross member.
• To bring COG to the centre of the cross member,We should add a mass.
• To add mass,Go to Load Case >> Added Mass.Which is shown in below Figure 19.

 

Figure 19-LoadCase Panel.

 

• Now right click on the added mass browser and select Type=0,Where the mass will be added to every single node,Which is shown in below Figure 20.

 

Figure 20-Added Mass Browser.

 

Figure 21-Pick the Nodes to Add Mass by Right Clicking.

• Here right click on the [grnod_ID] Support* to pick the nodes to add mass,which is shown in a above Figure 21.

 

Figure 22-Pick the Nodes on the Model to Add Mass.

 

Figure 23-Nodes Picked on the Model to Add Mass.

• Here in the above Figure 23,The nodes were picked on the model to add mass.

 

Figure 24-After Adding Mass COG Position is Changed.

 

• Here after adding mass on the nodes,The COG position is changed which is shown in above Figure 24.

 

Figure 25-Pick the Nodes on Other Side to Add Mass.

 

• Here,Similarly pick the nodes on the other side of the model and add mass to bring the COG at centre of the cross member.

 

Figure 26-Got COG at the Centre of the Cross Member.

• The nodes have been picked and mass added to the other side of the model,which is shown in below Figure 27.

 

Figure 27-Nodes Picked and Mas Added on the Other Side.

 

Figure 28-Mass Added to the Nodes Which Picked.

• We have attained the mass by adding the mass to the nodes,Which is shown in below Figure 29.

 

Figure 29-Attained 700 kg Mass.

 

• Now export this file and save it in a specified location and import this model into hypermesh and check the total mass.

 

Figure 30-Export the Model from HyperCrash.

• Now import the exported model from HyperCrash to the HyperMesh.

 

Figure 31-Import Browser.

 

Figure 32-Model Imported into HyperMesh.

 

• Next go and check in hypermesh,Whether the we have attained 700 kg mass.
• To check,Go to Menu Bar >> Tools >> Mass Details >> Mass,COG,Inertia.Which is shown in below Figure 33.

 

Figure 33-Tools Menu.

 

 

Figure 34-700 kg Mass Attained.

 

 Phase 3-Check for the Penetration :

• Here check for the penetrations,To check,Go to Menu Bar >> Tools >> Penetration Check.Which is shown in below Figure 35.

 

Figure 35-Tools Menu.

 

• Next select the groups [Interfaces] to define.Which is shown in below Figure 36.
• Then click on the check to check penetrations in the model,If the penetration exsist,It throw a error in the status bar,If the penetration dosen't exsist,it will display No Collisions Found which is shown in below Figure 36.

 

 

Figure 36-Status Bar.

 

Phase 4-Create the Interfaces :

• Here for this model,TYPE 7 Contact Interface is created with the recommended parameters.Which is shown in below Figure 37.

 

Figure 37-Type 7 Contact Interface.

 

• Select the slave and master nodes by switching to the coponents and select all the components for slave and master nodes which is shown in below Figure 38. 

Figure 38-Slave and Master Nodes Selected.

 

Phase 5-Creation of Sections :

• Here we have to create a section,the section should be created at the node.
• To find we have to display the numbers in the display panel.Which is shown in below Figure 38.

Figure 38-Display Panel.

 

• Select the node by id and eneter the id number and click on which is shown in below Figure 39,The node number will be displayed,We have to create a section there.

Figure 39-Display Numbers Panel.

• The node number is displayed,Which is shown in below Figure 40.

 

Figure 40-Node Number Displayed.

 

• Next for creating section,We need frame,So we need to create frame first.To create frame Right click on the Solver Browser >> Create >> Frame >> Mov. which is shown in below Figure 41.

 

Figure 41-Creation of Frame.

• Next select the nodes to specify the location of the frame to be created on the model.
• Switch to the create by node reference,Now select the Node at Origin  >> Node at Z-axis >> Node at YZ Plane,Which is shown in below Figure 43.

 

Figure 42-Creation of Frame Tool Panel.

• The Nodes selected to create a frame at a specified location is shown in below Figure 43.

 

Figure 43-Nodes Slected to Create Frame.

• The frame created is shown in below Figure 44.

 

Figure 44-Frame Created.

 

•  Then create a section,To create a section,Right Click on the Solver Browser >> SECT >> SECT.Which is shown in below Figure 45.

Figure 45-Creation of Section.

•  After selecting the SECT to create section,A parameter window will be opened left side.
• There will be Nodes (N1,N2,N3),Select the nodes to create a section.Which is shown in below Figure 46.

 

Figure 46-Selecting the Nodes.

• Next select the Frame ID,Which is shown in below Figure 47.

 

Figure 47-Selecting the Frame ID.

• Next Right Click on the grshell_id to select the elements,where we created the section.Which is shown in below Figure 49.
• Enter the values for deltaT and alpha.
• Coefficient of filtering (alpha=0.67).
• Time step for saving the data (deltaT=0.001).

 

Figure 48-Parameters Window.

 

Figure 49-Elements Selected.

• Every Parameters have been specified which is shown in below Figure 50.

 

Figure 50-Parameters Specified.

• A section has been created which is shown in below Figure 51.

 

Figure 51-Section Created.

• Now we have to check whether the section created for the rail component is fine or not fine.
• If all the nodes get realized in the elements,then the section created for rail component is fine.Which is shown in below Figure 52.
• A one row of elements should be maintained.
• To check Right click on the Section in the Model Browser >> Review.

 

Figure 52-Review of Section in the Rail Component.

• Similarly,We have to create a section in the other side.
• For that,Create a temp node at 174247 node,and translate the node to the other side and create a frame and section which is shown in below Figures 
• To create a temp node,Go to Geometry >> Temp Nodes >> Select the Node at the Required Location >> Add.Which is shown in below Figure 53.

 

Figure 53-Geometry Panel.

 

Figure 54-Temp Nodes Sub-Panel.

• The temp node is created which is shown in bleow Figure 55.

 

Figure 55-Temp Node Created.

• Now translate that node to the other rail component.
• To translate,Go to Tools >> Translate >> Select the Node and make it as duplicate and translate >> Switch to the Y-Axis >> Magnitude >> Translate -.

 

Figure 56-Tool Panel.

 

Figure 57-Translate Tool Sub-Panel.

 

Figure 58-Make the Node as Duplicate and Translate.

• To bring the one particular component individually,Press D which is called Display and select the component,Which we want to bring it individually and press reverse.
• The component will be brought individually which is shown in below Figure 60.

 

Figure 59-Display Panel.

 

Figure 60-Component has been brought individually by using display tool which 'D'.

•  The Section is created for the two rail components which is shown in below Figure 61.

 

Figure 61-Sections Created for the Rail Component.

 

• Similalry create the sections for the two Shotguns ,Bumper, A Pillar which is shown in below Figure 62.

 

Figure 62- Sections created for the two Shotguns ,Bumper, A Pillar,Rails.

 

Phase 6-Create Accelerometer at the B-Pillar :

• Here we have to create a accelerometer at the B-Pillar.To create a accelerometer,Right Click on the Solver Browser >> Accelerometer >>ACCE.

Figure 63-Creation of Accelerometer.

• The accelerometer is created which is shown in below Figure 64.

Figure 64-Accelerometer Created.

 

• After creating accelerometer,In the Accelerometer parameter window,We have to specify the node ID.
• To specify the node ID,First we have to create a node on the B-Pillar base component which is shown in below Figure 65.

 

Figure 65-Node Created on the B-Pillar Base Component.

• Now create a base node to reflect that node to the other side.
• To create a base node,Go to Geometry >> Nodes >> Interpolate Nodes >> Select the Nodes List >> No of Nodes Between=1 >> Create.Which is shown in below Figure 67.

 

Figure 66-Nodes Panel.

• The base node is created,Which is shown in below Figure 67.

Figure 67-Base Node Created to Reflect.

• To reflect,Go to Tools >> Reflect,Which is shown in below Figure 68.

 

Figure 68-Tools Panel.

Figure 69-Reflect Sub-Panel.

 

• The node reflected is shown in below Figure 70.

Figure 70-Node Reflected.

• Now select these two nodes which is shown in above Figure 70,To create a accelerometer for the B-Pillar Base Component.
• The accelerometer is created for the B-Pillar Base Component which is shown in below Figure 71.

 

Figure 71-Accelerometer Created.

 

Phase 7-Give the Initial Velocity 35 mph :

• Here the initial velocity should be given,Cause the car shhould go and hit the rigid wall,So th initial velocity shiuld be given.
• To give intial velocity,Create INIVEL Control Card,To create Right Click on the Solver Browser >> Create >> Boundary Conditions >> INIVEL,Which is shown in below Figure 72.

 

Figure 72-Creation of INIVEL Card.

 

• After creating the INIVEL card,Select all the components of the car,Cause the initial velocity should be given to the whole car,Cause the whole car should go and hit the rigid wall.
• Expand the gmd_ID in the parameter window and select all the components which i shown in below Figure 73.

 

Figure 73-Selecting the Components of the Car in gmd_ID Panel.

 

• According to FMVSS [Federal Motor Vehicle Saftey Standards].Assign a initial velocity of 35mph,1mph=0.44704 m/s,=35x0.4470,=15.6464 m/s.
• After giving the initial velocity,The model will appear as which is shown in below Figure 75.

 

Figure 74-INIVEL Card.

 

Figure 75-Initial Velocity Given.

 

Phase 8-Create Intrusions on the Dash Wall :

• Here we have to create intrusions at the specified nodes.
• First we have to create temp node at specified location.
• To create nodes,Go to Display Panel >> Switch On Display Numbers >> Select the Nodes by ID >> On.Which is shown in below Figure 76.

 

Figure 76-Display Numbers Panel.

 

Figure 77-Node Number ID Displayed and the Temp Node is Created.

• Now translate and create the two temp nodes to the cross member component's face which is shown in belwo Figure 78.

Figure 78-Nodes Translated and Temp Nodes Created at Cross Members Face.

 

• Now create a spring,To create a spring element,Go to 1D >> Spring >> Select Node 1 and Node 2.Which is shown in below Figure 80.

Figure 79-1D Panel.

 

Figure 80-1D Sub-Panel.

 

Figure 81-Created 1D Spring Elements.

 

 

Figure 82-Assign the 1D Spring Elements in the Collector Named Spring.

• Create a property and assign the property to the Spring Collector which is shown in below Figure 83.

Figure 83-Property Assignd to the Spring Collector.

Phase 9-Create Rigid Wall With Friction 0.1 :

• Rigid Walls allows the user an easy way to define an interface between a rigid surface and nodes of a deformable body.
• A Rigid Wall is a non-yielding retaining wall which is defined by the user Master Node and a group of Slave Nodes.
• Rigid Walls allow for an easy way to define an interface between a rigid surface and nodes of a deformable body.
• To create Rigid Wall,Go to Solver Browser Right Click >> Create >> RWALL >> Plane.Which is shown in below Figure 83.

Figure 83-Creation of Rigid Wall.

• Next the nodes should be selected to to create a plane to define the rigid wall which is shown in below Figure 84.

 

Figure 84-Temp Node Created on the Bumper.

• Next translate the node to 20mm,While translating the node make it as duplicate and translate it in X-Axis.Which is shown in below Figure 85

 

Figure 85-Translate Tool Panel.

• The node translated in x-axis to 20mm which is shown in below Figure 86.

 

Figure 86-Node Translated in X-Axis.

• Now select the node on the bumper to define the coordinates of the Temp node [XM, YM, ZM].
• Enter the Direction of the Normal [-1, 0, 0].
• The node selected to define coordinate system is shown in below Figure 87.

 

Figure 87-Node Selected to Define Coordinate System.

 

• The D-Search distance can be used around the range of 2500 mm. All the Nodes within this distance will be considered as salve nodes for the contact between the car and the Rigid Wall.  

Figure 88-Values Entered to Create the Rigid Wall.

• The rigid wall is created which is shown in below Figure 89.

Figure 90-Rigid Wall Created.

 

Phase 10-Request TH File for the Required Outputs and Give Time Step Value :

• Here the timestep should be assigned to the model to run the simulation.
• The required values to be entered in the ENG_DT_BRICK,ENG_DT_INTER,ENG_DT_NODA control cards which is shown in below Figure 91.

 

Figure 91-Values Entered in ENG_DT_BRICK,ENG_DT_INTER,ENG_DT_NODA Control Cards.

• Next the TH should be requested for the Accelerometer,Interfaces,Sections,Intrusions.

TH for Accelerometer-

• First request TH for the Accelerometer,To request TH for Accelerometer,Right Click on the Solver Browser >> Create TH >> ACCEL.Which is shown in below Figure 92.

Figure 92-Requesting TH for Accelerometer.

• Next at the bottom,there will be a window,there go to the Entity IDs option and select the accelerometers,A window will pop up,Select all and hit on ok.Which is shown in below Figure 93.

 

Figure 93-TH for Accelerometer Created.

 

TH for Interface :

• Second request TH for the Interface,To request TH for Interface,Right Click on the Solver Browser >> Create >> TH >> INTER.Which is shown in below Figure 94.

 

Figure 94-Requesting TH for Interface.

• Next at the bottom,there will be a window,there go to the Entity IDs option and select the groups,A window will pop up,Select all and hit on ok.Which is shown in below Figure 95.

Figure 95-TH for Interface Created.

TH for the Sections :

• Similarly create the TH for sections as created for previous case.Which is hown in below Figures 96 and 97.

 

Figure 96-Requesting TH for Sections.

 

Figure 97-TH Created for the Sections.

 

TH for the Intrusions (Springs) :

• Similarly create the TH for Springs as created for previous case.Which is shown in below Figures 98 and 99.

Figure 98-Requesting TH for Springs.

 

Figure 99-TH Created for the Springs.

 

Phase 11-Run the Simulation :

 

• Now run the simulation,To run simulation,Go to Analysis Panel as shown in below Figure 100.
• Go to Analysis Panel >> Radioss >> Select the Input File >> Save it in Different Folder and Rename it as Test-1 >> Run.
• Check the Include Connectors,If there are any connectors in the model,The connectors will also be taken into account.
• Type -NT 4 in options tab,This will make the simulation faster.
• Where NT indicates No of threads,4 indicates assigning the task to 4 cores in the system.

 

Figure 100-Analysis Panel.

 

Figure 101-Radioss Sub-Panel.

 

• After completing the simulation,the radioss will pop up a solver window stating Radioss Job Completed which indicates the simulation has been completed.
• Here the number of animation steps obtained  are shown in below Figure 102.

Figure 102-Animation Files Obtained.

• Now go and open the 00001.out file with notepad.
• The obtained values for Energy Error,Mass Error,Internal Energy Error,Kinetic Energy Error and Contact Energy Error has been shown in below Figure 103.

 

Figure 103-Obtained values for Energy Error,Mass Error,Internal Energy Error,Kinetic Energy Error and Contact Energy Error.

• The time taken to complete the simulation and the elapsed time is shown in below Figure 104.

 

 

Figure 104-Time Taken to Copmlete the Simulation and Elapsed Time.

Phase 12-Post Processing :

1) Review the Simulation using -HyperView.

2) Plot the graphs using -Hypergraph 2D.

 

1) Review the Simulation using HyperView :

• Hyperview allows for loading and viewing result files obtained from several sources.
• Based on the solver type of the files and the results you would like to visualize and analyze,there are differnt ways to load the input deck and their corresponding results into hyperview.
• First to begin the postprocessing in the Hypermesh,Split the Screen as shown in below Figure 105.
•  Import the animation file .h3d into the hyperview.

 

Figure 105-Splitting the Screen.

Figure 106-Screen Splitted into Two.

• And then activate the Client HyperView

Figure 107-HyperView Panel.

 

• To access the load model panel
• Select Load Model Button from the HyperView Panel and open .h3d file as shown in below Figure 108.

 

Figure 108-Opening .h3d File.

 

Figure 109-Model Loaded.

 

• After loading the model into hyperview,It will be represented as shown in below Figure 110.

Figure 110-Model Imported into HyperView.

 

• After importing the .h3d file into the GUI,Enable the contour.
• The contour tool create contour plots of a model graphically visualize the analysis results.
• To enable contour,Go to Results ToolBar >> Contour .

 

Figure 111-Contour Panel.

 

• Now switch to the Von Misses Stress in result type and select the component,select the averaging method as simple and then click apply as shown in below Figure 112.

 

Figure 112-Selecting the Paremeters in Contour Panel.

 

• After applying ,Run the Simulation,The Simulation animation in terms of Von Misses Stress and Displacement is shown in below Figure 113 and 114.

Figure 113-Von Misses Stress Simulation Animation.

 

Figure 114-Displacement Simulation Animation.

 

Check for the Intrusions :

• After running the simulation,We have to check for the intrusions.
• Note :The allowable intrusion is 15 cm.
• To check for the intrusion,Measure the distance between the springs where we created.
• To measure,Go to Measure tool from HyperView and select the end node of the springs to know the distance between them,which is shown in below Figure 115 and 116.

 

Figure 115-Measuring the Intrusion at Initial Position.

• After defining the nodes at the end of the spring at the initial position before the collision,The magnitude for the spring at the node 66244 is 736.746 mm.

 

Figure 116-Measuring the Intrusion After Collision.

 

• After defining the nodes at the end of the spring after the collision,The magnitude for the spring at the node 66244 is 644.678 mm.

 Intrusion Results :

1. Spring [At Node 66244] = 736.746-644.678 = 91.966 = 9.1966 cm.
2. Spring [At Node 66695] = 759.192-626.617 = 132.575 = 13.2575 cm.

 

2) Plot the graphs using -Hypergraph 2D :

• Now plot the graphs using Hypergraph 2D,We are plotting the graphs to see what is happening in the rail component.
• Hypergraph 2D is a powerful data analysis and plotting tool with interfaces to many popular file formats.
• It is sophisicated math engine capable of processing even the most complex mathematical expressions.
• Hypergraph 2D combines these features with high quality presentation output and customization capabilities to create a complete data analysis system for any organization.

 

Figure 117-Switching to Hypergraph 2D.

 

• Here switch to the Hypergraph 2D to plot the graphs.
• To switch,Go to Client Selector >> Choose the Hypergraph 2D as shown in above Figure 117.

• [Note : Before plotting the graphs,Make sure to split the screen into three or four and then plot the graphs.]

• The first graph is plotted for the Righ Rail at the created section.

• To plot the graph,Go to Hypergraph 2D >> Data File >>Frontal_CrashT01 >> Apply.

Right Rail :

• The graph obtained for the Right Rail which is shown in below Figure 118.
• The maximum sectional force on the Right Rail is 39.4447 KN.

 

Figure 118-Sectional Force on Right Rail.

 

Left Rail : 

• The graph obtained for the Left Rail which is shown in below Figure 119.
• The maximum sectional force on the Left Rail is 17.687 KN.

 

 

Figure 119-Sectional Force on Left Rail.

Right Shotgun :

• The graph obtained for the Right Shotgun which is shown in below Figure 120.
• The maximum sectional force on the Right Shotgun is 9.12966 KN.

 

 

Figure 120-Sectional Force on Right Shotgun.

 

Left Shotgun :

• The graph obtained for the Left Shotgun which is shown in below Figure 121.
• The maximum sectional force on the Left Shotgun is 15.4251 KN.

 

 

Figure 121-Sectional Force on Left Shotgun.

 Right Bumper :

• The graph obtained for the Right Bumper which is shown in below Figure 122.
• The maximum sectional force on the Right Bumper is 26.9859 KN.

 

  

Figure 122-Sectional Force on Right Bumper.

 

Left Bumper : 

• The graph obtained for the Right Bumper which is shown in below Figure 123.
• The maximum sectional force on the Left Bumper is 29.2241 KN.

 

   

Figure 123-Sectional Force on Left Bumper.

 

 Right B-Pillar :

• The graph obtained for the Right B-Pillar which is shown in below Figure 124.
• The maximum sectional force on the Right B-Pillar is 4.8738 KN.

 

 

Figure 124-Sectional Force on Right B-Pillar.

 

Left B-Pillar :

• The graph obtained for the Left B-Pillar which is shown in below Figure 125.
• The maximum sectional force on the Left B-Pillar is 5.51905 KN.

 

 

Figure 125-Sectional Force on Left B-Pillar.

 

 Right B-Pillar Base Component Acceleration :

• The graph obtained for the Right B-Pillar Base Component Acceleration which is shown in below Figure 126.
• The maximum acceleration on the Right B-Pillar Base Component is 1.82399 m/s.

 

 

Figure 126-Right B-Pillar Base Component Acceleration .

 

 Left B-Pillar Base Component Acceleration :

• The graph obtained for the Right B-Pillar Base Component Acceleration which is shown in below Figure 127.
• The maximum acceleration on the Right B-Pillar Base Component is 3.38479 m/s.

 

 

Figure 127-Left B-Pillar Base Component Acceleration .

 

 Interface [Type 7 Contact] :

• The graph obtained for the Interafce [Type 7 Contact] is shown in below Figure 128.
• The maximum force is 188.102 KN.

 

Figure 128-Total Resultant Force of Interafce [Type 7 Contact].

 

Intrusion Spring With Node  66244 :

• The graph obtained for the Intrusion Spring With Node 66244 is shown in below Figure 129.
• The maximum intrusion value obtained for this node is 91.508 mm which 9.1508 cm.

 

 

Figure 129-Intrusion Spring With Node 66244.

 

Intrusion Spring With Node  66695 :

• The graph obtained for the Intrusion Spring With Node 66655 is shown in below Figure 130.
• The maximum intrusion value obtained for this node is 131.625 mm which 13.1625 cm.

 

Figure 130-Intrusion Spring With Node 66655.

[Note : The Intrusion Values obtained here are acceptable according to the FMVSS Standard.The accepatable valued for intrusion valye is 15 cm]. 

Variation in Sectional Forces :

 

Figure 131-Variation in Sectional Forces.

All Energies :

• All the energies have been plotted which is shown in below Figure 132.

 

Figure 132-All Energies Graph.

 

Kinetic energy: 

Figure 133-Kinetic Energy Graph.

• The kinetic energy decreases.Due to the decrease in velocity.Because the given velocity is initial velocity, which may reduce.
• The kinetic energy graph is shown in above Figure 133.

 

Contact energy: 

Figure 134-Contact Energy Graph.

• The contact energy will increase slightly when the car hits the rigid wall. Because,Only some of the elements at the front will be having the contact.
• The contact energy graph is shown in above Figure 134.

 

Internal energy: 

Figure 135-Internal Energy Graph.

• The internal energy will gradually increases.Due to increase in displacement.
• The internal graph is shown in above Figure 135.

 

Total energy : 

Figure 136-Total Energy Graph.

• The total energy will be slightly decreasing due to the decrease in kinetic energy. 
• The total energy graph is shown in above Figure 136.

 

Hourglass energy: 

Figure 137-Hourglass Energy Graph.

• There will be no hourglass energy. Because, the element formulation is specified with recommended parameters.
• The recommended parameters have been assigned.Here Ishell=24 QEPH is used,Due to this there is no houglass effect.
• the hourglass energy graph is shown in above Figure 137.

 

Result :

• Hence the COG from the initial position has been changed to the required position by mass balancing.
• Hence the penetrations and intersections has been verified successfully.
• Hence the interfaces created newly.
• Hence the accelerometers created at the base of B-pillar to obtain the acceleration.
• Hence the initial velocity was assigned.
• Hence the springs were created to obtain the intrusions.
• Hence the rigid wall was created successfully.
• Hence the TH for all inputs were created inorder to obtain outputs.
• Hence the simulation was runned successfully without any errors.
• Atlast all the graphs were plotted with the obtained results. 

   

Conclusion and Learning Outcome :

 

`***`In this Challenge,I came to know about 

• How to change the COG position.
• How to check for the penetrations and intersections.
• How to create the interfaces and how to find connectivity,To check whether the free parts exsist in the component.
• How to create the accelerometers.
• How to assign the initial velocity.
• How to create the springs to obtain intrusions.
• How to create a rigid wall.
• How to request outputs.
• Learned about the FMVSS[Federal Motor Vehicle Saftey Standards] 208.
• Learned about the sectional forces,axial forces.