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Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

MMaktumsab Hallikeri14 Nov 2022

1).

LITHIUM ION BATTERIES:=

  • The most popular technology of the battery sector currently is the lithium ion battery. Relative to other types of batteries,
  • Lithium ion batteries have better energy, power density and higher cycling ability.
  • These qualities are extremely important in the use in modern applications like electrical and hybrid vehicles and most importantly energy storage systems which are used in the renewable energy applications.
  • The lithium ion batteries chemistry is the same across the different Lithium-ion Battery types; during discharge, Lithium-ions are moved to the positive cathode from the negative anode through the organic electrolyte. The anodes in all various technologies of lithium ion are all made from graphite.
  • The differences are the cathode which contains changing cobalt, nickel or manganese concentrations. All various cathode types allow high lithium insertion and intercalation levels which result in large energy storage quantities.
LCO (LiCoO2) = LITHIUM COBALT OXIDE

CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

Li1-xCoO2(s) + x Li+ + x e- = LiCoO2(s)

ANODE CATHODE
  • One of the most common anode materials used today is lithiated graphite,
    LixC6
  • which is composed of graphene sheets intercalated with lithium.
  • New materials such as those based on Silicon and other elemental blends
    are being researched.
  • Lithiated graphite has a unit cell with a HCP
    structure
  • LiaC6
  • The cathode is most commonly a
    lithiated metal oxide.
  • There are main 3 types:
  • Layered oxide like LixCoO2
  • Polyanion materials such as LiFePO4 and Li2FeSiO4
  • Spinel oxides like LiMn2O4
  • LibCoO2
  • How they work
    During discharge, lithium is oxidized from Li to Li+
    (0 to +1 oxidation state) in the
    lithium-graphite anode through the following reaction:C6Li=6C+LI+O
  • These lithium ions migrate through the electrolyte medium to the cathode, where
    they are incorporated into lithium cobalt oxide through the following reaction,
    which reduces cobalt from a +4 to a +3 oxidation state :
    Li1-xCoO2(s) + x Li+ + x e- = LiCoO2(s)

2.

LMO (Lithium magnesium oxide)
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

ANODE CATHODE
  • LiaC6
  • LiMn2O4
  • It is used in different applications like power tools and electric cars.
  • LMO batteries have the ability to deliver a lot of energy in a short period of time, which makes them extremely useful for use in power tools like drills.
  • In 1996, lithium manganese oxide was first used as a cathode material.
  • A three dimensional spinel structure was formed by this structure, this improves the flow of ions between the electrodes.
  • The high flow decreases the internal resistance and increases loading capability.
  • LMO batteries are usually used in medical devices and equipment, power tools, electric bikes and more. Because of their thermal resistance and higher safety. LMO batteries can also be used for laptops and electrical cars.

3.

NCA (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

ANODE CATHODE
  • LiaC6
  • LibNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2

NCA battery technology and applications

  • NCA (Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide) battery was invented in the year 1999.
  • Its anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and the carrier is Li+.
  • It is used in different applications like power grid applications, medical devices and ELECTRIC CARS. Most notably Tesla deploys NCA batteries in their electric vehicles system.
  • NCA batteries can store the same amount of energy as NMC.NCA batteries are not widely common in the consumer industry, but are quite promising in the electric car industry.

4.

NMC(LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) = Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide

CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

overall reaction of NMC 811 leaching by hydrochloric acid can be written as:

2LiMO2,(s) + 8HCl(l) ⇌ 2LiCl(l) + 2MCl2,(l) + 4H2O(l) + Cl2,(g).

ANODE CATHODE
  • LiaC6
  • LibNi1–x–yCoxMnyO2

NMC battery technology and applications

  • NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide) battery was invented in the year 2008.
  • Its anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibNi1–x–yCoxMnyO2 and the carrier is Li+.
  • They commonly use it in different applications like Energy Systems and electric cars.NMC combines the best of nickel and manganese.
  • Nickel has high specific energy but poor stability; manganese can form a spinel structure so as to achieve low internal resistance yet provides a low specific energy.
  • Joining the metals increases the strengths from both parts.NMC batteries are widely used for power tools, energy storage systems (EES) which need frequent cycling and electrical power-trains like automotives.
  • The cathode combination typically used is 1-1-1 which means one third nickel, one third manganese and one third cobalt. This reduces the raw material cost due to lowered content of cobalt.
  • Another known combination for NCM is 5-3-2 (5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt and 2 parts manganese). Other combinations are also possible

5.

LFP (LiFePO4) = Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate

CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

ANODE CATHODE
  • LiaC6.
  • LibFePO4

LFP batteries technology and applications

  • LFP (Lithium iron phosphate) was invented in the year 1996.
  • Its anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibFePO4 and the carrier is Li+.
  • They use LFP batteries in different applications like electric cars, electric buses and electric trucks.
  • The LFP is ideal for use in electric trucks or buses – as volume or weight isn’t really a restriction as is in cars- because the battery is less energy dense yet cheaper to manufacture than other Li-ion batteries types. In addition,
  • they use LFP batteries in other applications like electric motorcycles which need a longer life cycle and increased safety. LFP provides good electrochemical performance with lower resistance.
  • This is enabled by the nano scale phosphate cathode material. The main benefits are long cycle life, higher current rating and thermal stability which means extra safety.

6.

LTO=lithium titanate (Li2TiO3)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

Li7Ti5O12 + 2Li+ + 2e-= Li9Ti5O12.
ANODE CATHODE
  • Li4+aTi5O12
  • LibFePO4

LTO batteries technology and applications

  • LTO (Lithium tintate) was invented in the year 2008.
  • Its anode material is Li4+aTi5O12, the cathode material is LibFePO4 and the carrier is Li+.
  • They use it in different applications like UPS, electrical power trains, solar powered street lights, fast charge stations and forklifts. Other applications for LTO batteries include aerospace and military uses, and more importantly wind and solar energy storage and smart grids creation.
  • Li-titanate is used instead of the graphite in the anode of a common lithium-ion battery and the material is formed into a spinel structure.
  • The cathode material is either LMO or NMC.
  • As mentioned, they use li-titanate batteries in electric vehicles, yet LTO batteries have lower energy density than other Li-ion battery types, which can be a disadvantage in efficiently powering vehicles. Still, the density of LTO batteries is higher than other non-Li-ion batteries.

2).

Lithium-ion battery Types SP SE SF LS CS PF

Lithium Cobalt Oxide

L

H

L

L

L

M

Lithium Manganese Oxide

M

M

M

L

L

L

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide

M

H

M

M

L

M

Lithium Iron Phosphate

H

L

H

H

L

M

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide

M

H

L

M

M

M

Lithium Titanate

M

L

H

H

H

H

WHERE:

  • SP stands for specific power
  • SE stands for specific energy
  • SF stands for safety
  • LS stands for lifespan
  • CS stands for cost
  • PF stands for performance
  • L stands for low
  • M stands for moderate
  • H stands for high
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