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Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Q. Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells. Lithium ion batteries are batteries that function based on the transfer of lithium ions between a cathode and an anode. …

Jayesh Keche
updated on 20 Dec 2020

Q. Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.

Lithium ion batteries are batteries that function based on the transfer of lithium ions between a cathode and an anode.

Lithium ion batteries have higher specific energies than batteries made from other materials such as zinc and lead due to the relatively light weight and low density of lithium. Lithium batteries are also more stable over charge/recharge cycles due to the small radii of lithium ions, which causes fewer disruptions of the electrode structure during ion transfer. Lithium ion batteries commonly use graphite and cobalt oxide as additional electrode materials.

Lithium ion batteries work by using the transfer of lithium ions and electrons from the anode to the cathode. At the anode, neutral lithium is oxidized and converted to Li+. These Li+ ions then migrate to the cathode, where they are incorporated into LiCoO2. This results in the reduction of Co(IV) to Co(III) when the electrons from the anode reaction are received at the cathode. Because lithium is involved in the reactions at both electrodes, the battery can be recharged by running the reactions in reverse.

Below is the structure and working of lithium ion battery while charging and discharging.

Table for different Lithium ion Types of battery:

Lithium ion cell types	Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)	Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide(NCA)	Lithium Nickel Manganese CobaltOxide (NMC)	Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)	Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO)
Cathode Material	$L i C o O_{2}$ $LiCoO_2$	$L i M n_{2} O_{4}$ $LiMn_2O_4$	$L i N i C o A l O_{2}$ $LiNiCoAlO_2$	$L i N i M n C o O_{2}$ $LiNiMnCoO_2$	$L i F e P O_{4}$ $LiFePO_4$	$L i_{2} T i O_{3}$ $Li_2TiO_3$
Anode Material	$L i C 6$ $LiC6$	$L i C 6$ $LiC6$	$L i C 6$ $LiC6$	$L i C 6$ $LiC6$	$L i C 6$ $LiC6$	$L i T i O_{12}$ $LiTiO_12$
CathodeReaction (Discharge)	$L i_{1 - x} C o O 2 + x L i^{+} + x e^{-} \to L i C o O_{2}$ $Li_(1-x)CoO2 + xLi^+ +xe^-) to LiCoO_2$	$L i_{1 - x} M n_{2} O_{4} + x L i^{+} + x e^{-} \to L i M n O_{2}$ $Li_(1-x)Mn_2O_4 + xLi^+ +xe^-) to LiMnO_2$	$L i (1 - x) M O_{2} + x L i^{+} + x e^{-} \to L i M O_{2}$ $Li(1-x)MO_2 + xLi^+ +xe^- )to LiMO_2$	$L i_{1 - x} M O_{2} + x L i^{+} + x e^{-} \to L i M O_{2}$ $Li_(1-x)MO_2 + xLi^+ +xe^-) to LiMO_2$	$L i F e_{3} P O_{4} + x L i^{+} + x e^{-} \to L i F e_{2} P O_{4}$ $LiFe_3PO_4 + xLi^+ +xe^-) to LiFe_2PO_4$	$4 M n_{2} O_{4} + 4 L i^{+} + 4 e^{-} \to 4 L i M n_{2} O_{4}$ $4Mn_2O_4 + 4Li^+ + 4e^-)to 4LiMn_2O_4$
Anode Reaction (Discharge)	$L i C_{6} \to x L i^{+} + x e^{-} + C 6$ $LiC_6 to xLi^+ + xe^-) + C6$	$L i C_{6} \to x L i^{+} + x e^{-} + C_{6}$ $LiC_6 to xLi^+ + xe^-) +C_6$	$L i C_{6} = \Rightarrow x L i^{+} + x e^{-} + C_{6}$ $LiC_6 ==> xLi^+ + xe^-) +C_6$	$L i C_{6} \to x L i^{+} + x e^{-} + C_{6}$ $LiC_6 to xLi^+ + xe^-) +C_6$	$L i C_{6} \to x L i^{+} + x e^{-} + C_{6}$ $LiC_6to xLi^+ + xe^-) +C_6$	$L i C_{6} \to x L i^{+} + x e^{-} + C_{6}$ $LiC_6 toxLi^+ + xe^-) +C_6$
Overall Reaction	$C_{6} + L i C o O_{2} \to L i_{x} C_{6} + L i_{1 - x} C o O_{2}$ $C_6 + LiCoO_2 to Li_xC_6 + Li_(1-x)CoO_2$	$L i C_{6} + M n_{2} O_{4} \to C_{6} + L i M n O_{2}$ $LiC_6 + Mn_2O_4toC_6 + LiMnO_2$	$L i_{1 - x} M O_{2} + L i C_{6} \to L i_{1 - x} M O_{2} + C_{6}$ $Li_(1-x)MO_2 + LiC_6to Li_(1-x)MO_2 + C_6$	$L i_{1 - x} M O_{2} + L i C_{6} \to L i_{1 - x} M O_{2} + C_{6}$ $Li_(1-x)MO_2 + LiC_6to Li_(1-x)MO_2 + C_6$	$L i F e P O_{4} + 6 C \to L i C_{6} + F e P O_{4}$ $LiFePO_4 + 6C toLiC_6 + FePO_4$	$L i_{4} T i_{5} O_{12} + 4 M n_{2} O_{4} \to 4 L i M n_{2} O_{4} + T i_{5} O_{12}$ $Li_4Ti_5O_12 + 4Mn_2O_4to 4LiMn_2O_4 +Ti_5O_12$
Electrolyte	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate
Separator	Polyolefin	Polyolefin	Polyolefin	Polyolefin	Polyolefin	Polyolefin