Masters Program in Precast, Prestressed and Concrete Structures for Bridges and Buildings

The course covers: 

• Primer on basic mechanics of material 
• Bending moment and shear force diagram of single span beams(with various boundary conditions) 
• Bending moment and shear force diagrams for multiple span beams, 
• Influence line diagrams – Muller Breslau’s principles and its applications 
• Bending moment diagrams and shear force diagrams of portal frames – moment distribution method 
• Approximate analysis methods – portal frame method and cantilever method 
• Introduction to ETABS software touching upon modelling and analysis aspects 

This course is completely about STAAD.Pro software. Here, the students will learn how to calculate the loads, analyse and design different structures. 

This course covers: 

• Introduction to STAAD.Pro
• STAAD.Pro Basics 
• Sample Calculations
• Design and Analysis of RCC and Industrial Structures

A viaduct is generally a bigger structure, by its size, height or width that consists of a sequence of piers, columns, arches, supporting a long high-rise railway or road. But a bridge is a small structure, built to avoid an obstacle. 

This course on elevated metro viaduct covers:

• Overview of elevated metro viaduct
• Planning & design of metro bridges
• In depth concepts of:
  • Open foundation, pile foundation, pile cap, pier, RCC and prestressed pier cap.
  • I-girder, U-girder, Box girder, Bearings
• Substructure components
• Superstructure components

You will learn about the fundamentals of structural design and its applications in real life structures.

Superstructure is the part of the bridge located above the ground level.  These structures carry the load and transfer it to the foundation through the substructures. This course is about designing both RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) and PSC (Prestressed Concrete) bridge superstructures. This includes the designing of different concrete superstructure components like the slabs, decks and girders. It also covers the steel-concrete composite design and various analysis methods. Towards the end of the course, you will be capable of 

• Designing and analysing concrete superstructures
• Working on real life models of the same

Knowledge and understanding of bending moment and shear force diagrams of structural members is necessary for a structural engineer. Students will learn how to obtain shear force and bending moment diagrams of different structures. 

Precast concrete design is a highly-advanced blooming technology in the structural field. This course is designed to give you a basic understanding on structural behaviour of precast buildings under various loads. 

Here, you will learn about: 

• Comprehensive structural analysis and design for G + 15 precast building using ETABS. 
• Detailed understanding of Precast Design (Stability analysis, Precast member Design, Precast connections)
• Calculation of gravity and lateral loads on the building structures 
• Understanding for buildings behavior under different loads

Reinforced concrete members serve as the functional blocks of structural systems. The design, behaviour and failure of the reinforced concrete members influence the structural system. 

Here, you will learn: 

• Behaviour of structural members 
• Analysis of structural members 
• Design of structural members

The topics that will be covered in this segment are –

• Stress and strain
• Important aspects of stress-strain curves of commonly used materials(steel and concrete)
• Hooke’s law
• Modulus of elasticity
• Limit of proportionality
• Yield stress
• Proof stress
• Fundamentals of state of equilibrium 
• Brief introduction to types of equilibrium
• Equilibrium equations

The students would be introduced to beams and its various types

Students would be introduced to analysis approach for single span beams .Types of loading that will be considered are

• Uniform loading,
• Concentrated load,
• Linearly varying load

Also, the approach to determine bending moment and shear force diagrams of these beams will be discussed in detail. The usual sign convention used in the industry will also be discussed.

Introduction to statically indeterminate beams would be done. Different methods of analysis of statically indeterminate structures – stiffness method and force method will be introduced. Equilibrium equations and deformation compatibility equations will be introduced(briefly touching upon Castigliano’s theorem to determine displacements)

The above methods will be used to determine bending moment and shear force diagrams of a single span statically indeterminate beam – analysis of propped cantilever beam subjected to uniform load and concentrated load

• Introduction to internal hinges in statically indeterminate beams along with real life example.
• Implications of internal hinges on bending moments.
• Analysis of single span and two span beams with internal hinge.
• Determination of bending moment diagram and shear force diagrams for these beams.

Concept of influence line diagram will be introduced. This will be followed by its applications. Influence lines of vertical reactions, bending moment and shear force will be derived and discussed for a single span simply supported beam.

Concept of moving loads will be discussed and determination of absolute maximum bending moment in beam due to a system of concentrated loads will be discussed

Muller Breslau’s principle will be introduced to determine qualitatively influence line diagrams of various quantities of statically determinate band indeterminate beams. 

Concept of load patterning will be introduced and application of Muller Breslau’s principle will be discussed to determine qualitatively maximum moment in midspan, maximum moment over support, maximum support reaction, etc for multi span beams.

Introduction to concept of flexible supports will be done. Real life examples of flexible supports would be discussed. Importance of considering support’s flexibility will be discussed in statically indeterminate beams. Two span beam with one of the supports as spring would be analyzed. The result will be compared to a two span beam without flexible  supports for students to be able to appreciate the significance of support’s flexibility

Introduction to portal frame structures and various types of portal frames –

• Single storied single bay,
• Single storied –
  • Two bays,
• Two storied single bay;
• Two storied two bays,
• Multi storied multibay ;
• Application of portal frames in real life structures –
  • Steel and Concrete buildings

• Analysis of a single storied portal frame with pinned bases using moment distribution method;
• Analysis of single storied portal frame with fixed bases using slope deflection method

• Analysis of single storied portal frame with pinned bases subjected uniform gravity load using moment distribution method
• Analysis of single storied portal frame with fixed base subjected to concentrated load using slope deflection method
• Concept of sway of portal frame due to gravity loads

• A brief introduction to ETABS software. 
• Demonstration of Analysis of single span and mutispan beams in ETABS
• Demonstration of modelling flexible supports in ETABS
• Demonstration of analysis of single storied and multistoried portal frames in etabs with various support conditions
• Determination of sway deformation/lateral drifts in the portal frame to be covered

The module covers the  

1. GUI of the software 
2. Types of structure 
3. Material Specifications 
4. Support Conditions 
5. Design Parameters and  
6. General Intro to Analysis & Post Processing options available in STAAD.Pro 

To begin with, Preparation of DBR will be touched upon in this session.

This module covers the steps involved in modeling, design and analysis  of RCC structure. We will go through the Structure’s framework and structural elements considered for study. At the end of the session, students will learn the generation of nodal structure/model of the given building as per geometry using STAAD.Pro

The next step involves the input viz material specifications, assigning supports and constants and design parameters of the model under study. The analysis of the building as per requirements will be  discussed.

The Load Cases and Load Combinations to consider while designing a structure will be discussed in this module.  

The load calculations involved for each load case viz. 

1. Dead Load 
2. Live Load 
3. Wind Load will be done manually as per the codal standards with the help of MS-Excel.  

The calculated load will then be applied on the software.

This module covers the complete analysis part of the structure.

Post Processing Results – Output file will be explained. It covers the interpretation of the results and extracting SFD, BMD, Reaction and Displacements for design purpose.

At the end of the session, students will able to understand and execute the design of structural elements (slab, beam, column and foundation) with the aid of STAAD.Pro and verify the results with manual calculation sheets

This module covers the types of steel structures and introduction to various components in a steel building 

1. Rafters 
2. Purlins 
3. Side wall & End wall Girts 
4. Column 
5. Bay spacing 
6. Cladding

In this module, we will discuss the steel structure taken for study. The modeling of the structure will be carried out using coordinate method.

The Inputs to be given as per the specifications and codal standards will be explained first and then generated in the model. The loads considered in a steel building will be calculated using MS Excel and applied on the model.

After entering the input parameters and specifying the design specs, the  analysis of the structure is carried out in this module.

This module covers the interpretation of Output file generated and extraction of results like Bending Moment, Shear Force Diagram and Serviceability check for each element considered in the building under  study

At the end of this session we will be going through the representation of  the analysis carried out in the form of document and drawing. Things to remember and consider while representing the design in the  form of drawing (Detailing drawing involving C/S and L/S) and how to  cross-check the extracted results from software with manual calculation.

• An Introductory lecture on the present and future prospects of metro projects in India.
• Discussion on elevated & underground metro projects.

• Planning of metro viaduct
• Challenges faced in design and at construction site
• Solutions proposed

• Overview of all the structural components of bridge –
  • Superstructure
  • Substructure

• Design of superstructure component - prestressed open web structures such as U-girders
• Longitudinal analysis of prestressed open web structures such as U-girders
• Transverse analysis of prestressed open web structures such as U-girders

• Design of superstructure component - prestressed I-girders
• Longitudinal analysis of prestressed I-girders
• Transverse analysis of prestressed I-girders & design of slabs

• Design of superstructure grillage component – cross girders/ diaphragms

• Design of superstructure component - Bearings.

• Design of substructure component – prestressed pier cap.
• Longitudinal analysis and design of prestressed pier cap

•  Design of substructure component - RCC pier cap

• Design of substructure component - RCC pier

• Design of substructure component - pile cap

• Design of substructure component - pile foundation

• Design of substructure component - open foundation

• Design of Substructure Component - well foundation

This lecture will introduce the course and concrete as a construction material. Students are expected to have basic understanding of concrete design, but the lecture will remind them about the theory and key design principles. The lecture will also cover how concrete is used in bridges showcasing different forms and real-life examples where they are applied. It will explain where this material is most effective and tell how to choose appropriate form for a given site

This lecture will build on concrete design basics by introducing the most basic form of concrete bridges – solid slab. The lecture will explain how moments and forces are distributed, introducing the principle of effective width. The students will learn how to analyse slabs using hand calculations, design aids (e.g. Pucher charts) and computer-based analysis. The lecture will cover bending and shear resistance calculations allowing students to derive a safe slab thickness and specify appropriate reinforcement. Other important considerations such as punching, deflection and cracking will be covered. As well as standalone slab bridges, the course will cover continuous multi-span slabs (e.g. transverse design of composite plate girder slabs) and cantilever slabs (e.g. box girder outriggers). The lecture will touch on design of skew slabs.

This lecture will develop from solid slab design introducing voided slabs. It will explain the analysis complexities introduced by inclusion of voids in the body of concrete and show how grillage modelling can be used to tackle them. Transverse distortional effects experienced by these types of cross section will also be covered. The students will learn how to design and detail voided slabs to tackle longitudinal bending and shear as well as transverse effects arising from distortion

This lecture will continue the theme of cast-in-situ bridges and will talk about ribbed slabs. It will go through further examples of grillage modelling and how it can be applied to analyse these types of bridges. Other methods of analysis, such as shell and beam type models will be demonstrated, explaining where this may be beneficial. The students will learn how to design a concrete T-sections, selecting appropriate effective width. They will also learn about interface shear between rib and slab. Various details will be discussed, e.g. where a cross beam is necessary and how ribbed slabs are constructed

Students will learn about the benefits of prestressing compared to mild reinforcement. Various types of prestressing will be discussed, covering the differences between pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, and between bonded and unbonded tendons. Unlike reinforced concrete bridges, the prestressed bridges are often governed by serviceability limit state rather than ultimate capacity. The students will learn how to use stress-based calculation in order to check the structure is safe. The principle of brittle fracture will be introduced, demonstrating several real-life examples where this had led to catastrophic failure. The students will learn how to check the structure is no prone to brittle failure and how to prevent this type of behavior. This lecture will begin the talking about long-term effects (creep, shrinkage and PT losses), priming the students for the later course content.

Building on the previous lecture the students will learn how to design and detail concrete box girders. Various types of structures will be covered, from U-beam type bridges to straight and tapering multi-span bridges. The lecture will also touch on application of box girders in cable-supported bridges. Effects of torsion and curvature will be discussed. The students will learn how to analyse these types of structures and consider the aforementioned effects. This lecture will begin the talking about construction stage analysis, priming the students for the later course content

The students will learn why beam theory is not always applicable in concrete bridge design. After listening to this lecture, they will know how to identify D (discontinuity) regions and draw appropriate strut and tie arrangement to capture their behavior. They will then learn how to resolve a strut and tie model by hand and using a truss type computer analysis. This lecture will explain how there can be different strut and tie arrangement for the same problem and why some are better than others, giving examples of typical real-life problems and their most efficient solutions. This lecture will also touch on local effects such as bottlenecking, splitting and multiaxial compression

This lecture will continue the topic of struct and tie modelling and will dive into its application in bridge design. Classic bridge details will be shown, namely monolithic connections, half-joints, bearing regions, PT anchorages and stay-cable anchorages. Students will be demonstrated advanced uses of strut and tie modelling and how it can be applied in 3D.

This lecture will talk about integral bridges, their advantages and limitations. Typical problems concerning integral bridges will be discussed, such as ratcheting behind abutment and the need for close collaboration with geotechnical engineers. Although soil-structure interaction is a large topic worthy of a separate course, its implications on design will be clearly explained. The students will learn how to design a basic portal frame bridge and how to detail the abutments of a longer span concrete bridge.

This lecture will focus on application of concrete in composite bridges. The student will apply earlier skill of grillage analysis and slab design and apply them to composite structures. They will learn how to calculate elastic and plastic section properties using effective Young's modulus method. They will be demonstrated how to perform basic structural checks of a composite plate girder and truss bridges including design of shear studs. Advanced topics such as buckling and construction stage analysis will be mentioned, but not covered in depth, as these topics should be subject of the steel bridge superstructure course.

This lecture will focus on the long-terms effects, namely creep, shrinkage and loss of prestress, which had been introduced earlier in the lecture series. They will learn how to calculate long-term section properties. Examples where creep and shrinkage cause parasitic effects will be demonstrated, e.g. moments in continuous prestressed bridges and composite girders.

This part will also discuss the movement ranges and calculations related to the expansion joint specification. Movement and friction at bearings will also be mentioned.

This lecture will demonstrate various ways in which concrete structures can be constructed, e.g. cast-in-situ, launching and balanced cantilever construction. The students will learn that construction sequence can often govern design and that structures should always be checked in their temporary conditions.

• Introduction to precast concrete structure & its fundamental difference from cast in-situ structures.
• Defining the outline of the entire course & things to be covered.
• To start with the structural design of G+15 precast building.
• Inputs required 
  • Architectural plan of the buildings
  • Location of the building
  • Usage of the building
  • Substructure Information (soil capacity, subgrade modulus)

• Slight brief about the structural codes to be used IS 456, IS 1893, IS 13920, IS 13916, FIB 43, FIB 27, PCI reference
• Slight brief about the software to be used during the course (ETABS & Strusoft FEM Design)

• Work with the architectural plan and prepare the structural framing at different level
• Understand & establish the vertical load path of the building
• Understand & establish the lateral load resisting system / stability system for the building.
• Understanding of grounding of forces in the structure 
• Freeze the qualitative structural system for building
• Develop the structural framing plans of all the level for preparation of analytical model

• Break down of the structural elements to feasible precast members
• Basic understanding about various precast elements
• Criterion for sizing of various precast members
• Introduction to various type of precast elements
• Preparing the updated structural plans as per precast structural scheme
• Developing some rudimentary connection sketches at this stage.

• Identifying all the forces to be considered for the analysis
• Calculation of the all the forces
• Calculation for wind, snow & earthquake loads
• Basic understanding of IS 1893 (Static & Dynamic method)
• Few hand calculations showing seismic base shear
• Additional stages to be taken for precast members: demolding, transportation, erection

• Load combination as per IS 456 & IS 1893
• Strength parameters for precast members
• Serviceability parameters & checks for precast building
• Progressive collapse – general introduction 
• Progressive collapse prevention system for the building
• Introduction to horizontal & vertical ties

• Setting up the analytical model 
• Geometry of the analytical model as per framing plans
• Preliminary sizing of the structural members
• Section properties of the structural members
• Support parameters, connection parameters, mass source
• DBR preparation

• Load application on the analytical model
• Seismic load application on the analytical model 
• Wind load application – user defined & auto generated
• Mass source 
• Load combination
• Limit state of strength & serviceability

• Checking the behavior of analytical model
• Deflected shape under various load case (dead, lateral)
• Base reactions & uplifts
• Story drifts & deflections
• Connection forces in FEM design 
• Mode shapes & governing modes 
• Mode participation factors
• Preliminary system run design of the members

• Detailed analysis for base reaction forces
• Suggestion of type of foundation based on base reactions & soil properties
• Design for the foundation using SAFE, reinforcement design for raft.
• Additional checks for the foundation
• Verifying the initial assumed sizes of the members
• Detailed design of the precast elements
• Design for reinforcement precast slabs (solid slabs, Hollow core slabs)
• Design for precast reinforced beams & Columns
• Design for precast concrete walls 

• Additional checks to be made lifting & transportation stages
• Connection & reinforcement for other design stages
• General Information about various types of structural elements
• Hollow core slabs, Filigree slabs, Balcony slabs and their connections 
• Prestressed structural members – general introduction
• Types of precast walls:
  • Sandwich walls 
  • Double walls
  • Battery walls
  • Cavity walls

• Identifying & computing connection forces from analytical model
• Schematic design of precast connection
• Connection sketches 
• Detailed connection design for various connections 
  • Wall – wall horizontal 
  • Wall – wall vertical 
  • Wall – Foundation 
  • Wall – Slabs
  • Beam – slab 
  • Beam – column connections 

• General information about various type of connections

• Design for semi rigid diaphragm for precast deck
• Cast on -site reinforcement required for diaphragm action
• Preparation of reinforcement details for cast on-site reinforcement 
• Robustness system of the building 
• Provision of horizontal and vertical ties in the building
• Computing Tie forces 
• Changed connection forces

• Objectives of structural design
• Types of structural systems (different types of floor systems, vertical and lateral framing systems etc.)
• Basic of concrete mix proportions and unit wt.
• Compressive strength of concrete (test on cylinder & cube)
• Stress-strain curve for concrete and its behavior with increasing compressive strength (equn. for stress-strain curve, modified Hognestad parabola)
• Unconfined compressive strength of cylinder v/s cube
• Confined strength of concrete
• Characteristic strength of concrete, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength & Poisson’s ratio
• Concrete stress-strain curve per IS 456:2000
• Properties of steel (stress v/s strain, Fe250/Fe415/Fe500)

• Preview into WSM, Strength Design (ULM) and Limit State Design (LSD)
• Two Limit States (serviceability & strength)
• Explain collapse mechanism (?)
• Material safety factor (γm)
• Characteristic loads and load safety factor
• Introduction to flexure
• Cracking moment
• Modular ratio (per IS:456 and IRC:112) & neutral axis based on 1st moment area (balanced NA)
• Moment of inertia (gross v/s cracked)

• Equation of equilibrium & computing moment of resistance
• Balanced moment (concrete & steel fails simultaneously, limiting Ast)
• Brittle failure (concrete fails first)
• Ductile failure & concept of moment-curvature
• Concept of flanged beams (what are they?)
• Analysis of singly r/f flanged sections in flexure
• Analysis of doubly r/f beams (rectangular & flanged beams)

• Effective span
• Min. & max. r/f criteria and rebar spacing in beams
• Serviceability criteria (short & long-term deflection)
• Deep & slender beams
• Design of singly r/f rectangular beam
• Design of singly r/f flanged beam (revise the concept of flanged beam)
• Concept of neutral axis at different levels (i.e. xu = xu,max, xu < xu,max , xu > xu,max)
• Bar curtailment location (development length & other criteria)

• Principal stress in beams
• Modes of cracking
• Shear transfer mechanism
• Beams without shear r/f
• Beams with shear r/f
• Shear stress in uniform depth beam
• Shear stress in non-uniform deep beam
• Shear resistance of beams without shear r/f
• Shear resistance of beams with shear r/f (shear stirrups spacing)
• Min. shear r/f and max. spacing of stirrups
• Curtailment of longitudinal stirrup (revisit)

• Ways in which torsion might act on the structure (equilibrium or compatibility)
• Design strength in torsion (w/o torsional r/f)
• Torsional r/f provisions per IS code
• Design strength (torsion & shear)
• Bond in concrete (mechanism, and type i.e. flexural & anchor)
• Development length and end anchorage
• Splicing of r/f
• Deflection as serviceability limit state
• Deflection limits (for s/s, cantilever beams)
• Short term & long-term deflection
• Design spreadsheet (MS Excel)
   

• One-way slab v/s two-way slab
• Structural system showing one-way slab (sketch that shows one-way slab action in beam-slab floor system)
• Structural analysis of one-way slab systems (moment & shear coefficients)
• Effective span
• Design of one-way slab (unit width method) (given Mu, compute Ast)
• Minimum r/f, spacing of rebar, diameter of rebar
• Shear strength of one-way slab
• Sketch showing rebar arrangement/detailing

• Compression member (pedestal, column and wall). Tied columns and helical r/f
• Effective length of the column (braced & unbraced length)
• Slender and short columns
• Possible loadings on column (purely axial, P & M, P with eccentricity)
• Code provisions for slenderness, min. eccentricity, long. r/f, trans r/f (ties and spiral)
• Design strength of short column under pure axial load (Design example)
• Analysis of short column with uniaxial moment (introduction, and eccentricity)

• Strain profile for simultaneous uniaxial moment and axial load
• Interaction curve
• Various points on the interaction curve
• Design for moment and axial load (interaction ratio)

• Types of footing 
  • Isolated
  • Raft/combined
  • Piles
• Bearing pressure under footing (due to axial load, axial load + uniaxial moment)
• Design considerations and code requirements/recommendation
• Design for shear (one-way and two-way)
• Design for flexure
• Rebar detailing