Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

EV BATCH-17

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

Objective:

To Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

Theory:

>> Li-ion Batteries:

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are growing in popularity for military and aerospace applications.

• Similar to the lead- and nickel-based architecture, lithium-ion uses a cathode (positive electrode), an anode (negative electrode) and electrolyte as conductor.
• The cathode is a metal oxide and the anode consists of porous carbon. During discharge, the ions flow from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte and separator, charge reverses the direction and the ions flow from the cathode to the anode.

Required Table:

Explanation:

>> Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) - LCO Battery:

• LCO (Lithium cobalt oxide) was invented in the year 1991. Its anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibCo02 and the carrier is Li+.
• It is used in various applications ranging from electronic devices to all laptops and phone batteries. The majority of lithium-ion batteries for portable devices are cobalt-based.
• The system contains a cobalt oxide cathode (positive electrode) and graphite carbon anode (negative electrode)Its high specific energy makes Li-cobalt the popular choice for mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras.
• The battery consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode.
• The cathode has a layered structure and during discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The flow reverses on charge. The drawback of Li cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities (specific power).

>> Lithium-ion manganese oxide (LMO) battery:

• A lithium-ion manganese oxide battery (LMO) is a lithium ion cell that uses manganese dioxide, MnO2, as the cathode material.
• They function through the same intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism as other commercialized secondary battery technologies, such as LiCoO2.
• Cathodes based on manganese-oxide components are earth-abundant, inexpensive, non-toxic, and provide better thermal stability.
• Li-ion with manganese spinel was first published in the Materials Research Bulletin in 1983. In 1996, Moli Energy commercialized a Li-ion cell with lithium manganese oxide as cathode material.
• The architecture forms a three dimensional spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode, which results in lower internal resistance and improved current handling.
• A further advantage of spinel is high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limited.

>> Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (NCA) battery:

• Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery, or NCA, has been around since 1999 for special applications. It shares similarities with NMC by offering high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long life span.
• Less flattering are safety and cost. NCA is a further development of lithium nickel oxide; adding aluminum gives the chemistry greater stability.

>> Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) battery:

• What is an NMC battery? In short, NMC batteries offer a combination of Nickel, Manganese and Cobalt. They are sometimes known as Lithium Manganese Cobalt Oxide batteries. NMC batteries have a high specific energy or power.

• One of the most successful Li-ion systems is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Similar to Li-manganese, these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells.

• For example, NMC in an 18650 cell for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2,800mAh and can deliver 4A to 5A; NMC in the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2,000mAh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20A.

>> Lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP) batteries:

• LFP batteries stands for Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, which is known as li-phosphate batteries as well. They use phosphate as cathode material.
• In addition, they benefit from the low resistance properties that enhance their thermal stability and safety.
• Li-phosphate offers good electrochemical performance with low resistance. This is made possible with nano-scale phosphate cathode material.
• The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance if abused.
• Li-phosphate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time. As a trade-off, its lower nominal voltage of 3.2V/cell reduces the specific energy below that of cobalt-blended lithium-ion.

>> Lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) battery:

• The lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) battery is a type of rechargeable battery which has the advantage of being faster to charge than other lithium-ion batteries, but the disadvantage of having a much lower energy density.
• Batteries with lithium titanate anodes have been known since the 1980s. Li-titanate replaces the graphite in the anode of a typical lithium-ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure.
• The cathode can be lithium manganese oxide or NMC. Li-titanate has a nominal cell voltage of 2.40V, can be fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10C, or 10 times the rated capacity.
• The cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li ion. Li-titanate is safe, has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80 percent at-30°C.

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

>> Characteristic:

>> Battery Energy Density Characteristic:

• New special battery chemistries have strained older naming conventions. Rechargeable NiCd (Nickel Cadmium) and NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) typically output 1.25 V per cell.
• Some devices may not operate properly with these cells, given the 16% reduction in voltage, but most modern ones handle them well. Conversely, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries output 3.7 V per cell, 23% higher than a pair of alkaline cells (3 V), which they are often designed to replace.
• Non-rechargeable lithium-chemistry batteries, which provide exceptionally high energy density, produce about 1.5 V per cell and are thus similar to alkaline batteries.