Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
Aim:-
1.Prepare a table that includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO,
NCA, NMC, LP and LTO type of lithium-ion cells. Give your detailed explanation on it
2. Compare the differences between each type of Li-ion battery based on their characteristics
Question 1:- Prepare a table that includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO,
NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium-ion cells. Give your detailed explanation on it
Introduction:-
Lithium-ion Cells are a secondary type of battery cell that is they are rechargeable and also they are reusable which makes them ideally suited for automotive applications and certain consumer electronics When two or more cells connected they are referred to as batteries Like other batteries Lithium-ion batteries also rely on the chemical energy stored in the bonds and atoms of elements and compounds and utilize this energy in a chemical reaction occurring inside the cell. The chemical energy from this reaction is converted to electrical energy and it is used. Since the Lithium-ion cells are rechargeable, they can perform the reverse reaction using electricity as well.
Construction:-
Electrolyte:-
• The electrolyte is an ionic conductor that provides the medium for internal ionic charge transfer between the electrodes.
• The electrolyte must often comprise a liquid solvent containing dissolved chemicals the solution that provides the ionic conductivity.
• The Lithium-ion cels use non-aqueous electrolytes
Cathode and Anode:-
- The Cathode ad Anoide is the two electrodes that are connected by a wire in an external circuit The electrons are passing through the external wire and so an electric current is perorated
- The Anode refers to the Electrode through which the conventional current enters into a polarized electrical device.
- The Cathode refers to the electrode through which conventional current leaves an electrical device.
Separator:-
a. The Separator physically isolates the positive and negative electrodes. The separator is an ionic conductor but an electronic insulator.
b. It prevents the internal short-circuiting between the two electrodes.
Current Collectors:-
• The current collectors are the electronic conductors with which the electrodes are mixed It does not take part in chemical reactions of the cell but instead, it either allows simple electronic connection to reduce the electronic resistance of an electrode.
ADVANTAGES OF LITHIUM ION BATTERY:-
Following are the benefits or advantages of Lithium-lon batteries:
-As mentioned it has a high energy density which is two times compare to Ni-Cd.
-The Lithium-lon battery is rechargeable.
-There is no memory effect. Hence it is not needed to discharge them completely before recharging.
- The battery can handle many charge/ discharge cycles.
-The battery can hold the charge and it can lose only 5% of its charge every month.
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF LITHIUM ION BATTERY:-
Following are the disadvantages of Lithium-lon Battery:
-It lasts only two to three years after the manufacturer.
-It is sensitive to high temperatures.
-If the battery is completely discharged, it can no longer be recharged again.
-It is relatively expensive.
-If the "separator" gets damaged, it can burst into flames.
Question 2:-
2. Compare the differences between each type of Li-ion battery based on their characteristics
2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES:-
2.1 LITHIUM COBALT OXIDE (LCO)
Also known as lithium cobaltate or lithium-ion cobalt batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries are made from t lithium carbonate and cobalt. Due to their very high specific energy, these batteries are used for cell phones. laptops and electronic cameras. They have a cobalt oxide cathode and use graphite carbon as their anode material: during discharge, lithium ions move from anode to cathode with the flow reversing when the battery is charging.
This type of battery has some drawbacks, including relatively short battery life and limited specific power.
Additionally. Battery University notes that these batteries are not as safe as other types, Even so, their characteristics
make them the popular choice for coll phones and other portable electronic devices.
2.2 LITHIUM MANGANESE OXIDE (LMO):-
Lithium manganese oxide batteries are also commonly called lithium manganate or lithium-ion manganese
batteries and are sometimes referred to as I-manganese or manganese spinel The technology for this type of
battery was discovered in the 1980s with the first publication on the subject appearing in the Materials Research
Bulletin in 1983. The first commercial lithium-ion cells made with lithium manganese oxide as a cathode material
were produced in 1996 by Mol Energy.
Lithium manganese oxide batteries are notable for their high-temperature stability and are also safer than other
lithium-ion battery types. For this reason, they are often used in medical equipment and devices, but they may also
be lithium-ion battery types. For this reason, they are often used in medical equipment and devices, but they may
also be used for power tools, electric bikes and more. It is also possible to use lithium manganese oxide batteries to
power laptops and electric powertrain cars
The architecture forms a three-dimensional spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode, which results in
lower internal resistance and improved current handling. A further advantage of spinel is high thermal stability and
enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life is limited.
Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and high current discharging in a 18650 package. L manganese
can be discharged at currents of 20-30A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load
pulses of up to 50A. A continuous high lead at this current would cause heat buildup and the cell temperature cannot
exceed 80 C 1176 -manganese is used for power tools medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles.
The figure illustrates the formation of a three-dimensional crystalline framework on the cathode of a Li-manganese
battery. This spinel structure, which is usually composed of diamond shapes connected into a lattice appears after
the initial information
The cathode crystalline formation of lithium manganese oxide has a three-dimensional framework structure that
appears after initial formation Spinel provides low resistance but has a more moderate specific energy than cobalt.
U-manganese has a capacity that is roughly one-third lower than Li-cobalt. Design flexibility allows engineers to
maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity
(specific energy). For example, the long-le version in the 18650 cells has a moderate capacity of only 1100mAh: the
high-capacity version is 1500mAh.
The figure shows the spider web of a typical Li-manganese battery. The characteristics appear marginal but newer
designs have improved in terms of specific power, safety and life span. Pure Li-manganese batteries are no longer
common today, they may only be used for special applications.
Although moderate in overall performance, newer designs of Li-manganese offer improvements in specific power,
safety and life span.
Most U-manganese batteries blend with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) to improve the specific
energy and prolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, and the LMO (NMC) is chosen
for most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf. Chevy Volt and BMW 3. The LMO part of the battery which can be
about 30 per cent, provides a high current boost on acceleration the NMC part gives the long driving range.
Li-ion research gravitates heavily towards combining Li-manganese with cobalt-nickel manganese and aluminium
as active cathode material in some architecture, a small amount of silicon is added to the anode This provides a 25
per cent capacity boost, however, the gain is commonly connected with a shorter cycle life as scan grows and
shrinks with charge and discharge causing mechanical stress.
These three active metals, as well as the Alcon enhancement, can conveniently be chosen to enhance the specific
energy capacity), specific power load capability or longevity While consumer batteries go for high capacity industrial
applications prepare battery systems that have good loading capable der a long life and provide sale and
dependable service
2.3 LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE (LIPO)
Lithium on phosphate batteries also known as li-phosphate batteries use phosphate as a cathode They benefit from
low resistance properties, which enhance their safety and thermal stability
Other benefits include durability and a long Mecycle-fully charged batteries can be stored with little change to the
total Mespan of the battery's charge L-phosphate batteries are often the most cost-effective option as well when
their long battery life is taken into consideration.
However, the lower voltage of the hi-phosphate battery means that it has less energy than other types of lithium
batteries Accordingly these batteries are often used in electric motorcycles as well as other applications that need a
long lifecycle and significant safety Electric vehicles often use these batteries as well.
Li-phosphate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems of kept at
high voltage for a prolonged time As a trade-off, its lower nominal voltage of 3. Zell reduces the species energy
below that of cobalt blended thumb With most batteries, the cold temperature reduces performance and elevated
storage temperature shorts the service life and Li-phosphate is no exception Li-phosphate has a higher self-
discharge than other Lon batteries which can cause balancing ones with ageing Tho can be emitted by buying high-
quality cells and/ or using sophisticated control electronics, both of which increase the cost of the pack Cleanliness in
manufacturing of importance for long every There is no tolerance for moisture et the battery will only deliver 50
cycles Fig summarizes the attributes of phosphate.
Li-phosphate is often used to replace the lead-acid starter battery Four cells in series produce 12.80V, a similar
voltage to six 2V lead-acid cells in series Vehicles charge lead-acid to 14.40V (2:40V/cell) and maintain a toppings
charge. Topping charge is applied to maintain full charge level and prevent sulfation on lead-acid batteries.
With four Li-phosphate cells in series each cell tops at 3.60V which is the correct full-charge voltage. At this point, the
charge should be disconnected but the topping charge continues while driving Li-phosphate is tolerant to some
overcharge however, keeping the voltage at 14.40V for a prolonged time, as most vehicles do on a long road trip
could stress L-phosphate Time will tell how durable Li-Phosphate will be as a lead and replacement with a regular
vehicle charging system Cold temperature also reduces the performance of Li-ion and this could affect the cranking
ability in extreme cases
2.4 LITHIUM MANGANESE COBALT OXIDE (NMC)
Also known as lithium manganese cobalt oxide or NMC batteries, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries
are made of several materials common in lithium-ion battery types. They include a cathode made of a combination
of nickel, manganese and cobalt.
Like other lithium-ion battery varieties. NMC batteries can have either a high specific energy density or a high specific
power. They cannot, however, have both properties. This battery type is most common in power tools and
powertrains for vehicles.
The cathode combination ratio is usually 60 per cent nickel, 20 per cent manganese and 20 per cent cobalt This
means that the raw material cost is lower than it is for other lithium-ion battery options, as cobalt can be quite
expensive. These batteries may come down in price further in the future, as some battery makers are planning to
switch their battery chemistry to a higher percentage of nickel so that they can use less cobalt. This battery type is
commonly preferred for electric vehicles due to its very low self-heating rate.
One of the most successful Li-ion systems is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt INMC Similar to L-
manganese, these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells For example. NMC in a 18650 cell
for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2800mAh and can deliver 4A to 5A: NMC in the same cell
optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2.000mAh but delivers a continuous discharge current of
20A A silicon-based anode will go to 4.000mAh and higher but at reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life
Silicon added to graphite has the drawback that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making
the cell mechanically unstable.
The secret of NMC lies in combining nickel and manganese. An analogy of this is table salt in which the main
ingredients, sodium and chloride, are toxic on their own but mixing them serves as seasoning salt and food preserver.
Nickel is known for its high specific energy but poor stability manganese has the benefit of forming a spinel structure
to achieve low internal resistance but offers low specific energy. Combining the metals enhances each other
strengths.
NMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-bikes and other electric powertrains. The cathode combination is
typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt, also known as 1-1-1. Cobalt is expensive and in
limited supply. Battery manufacturers are reducing the cobalt content with some compromise in performance
The figure demonstrates the characteristics of the NMC.
NMC has good overall performance and excels on specific energy. This battery is the preferred candidate for the
electric vehicle and has the lowest self-heating rate.
2.5 LITHIUM NICKEL COBALT ALUMINIUM OXIDE (NCA)
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide batteries are also called NCA batteries and are becoming increasingly
important in electric powertrains and in grid storage.
NCA batteries are not common in the consumer industry but are promising for the automotive industry NCA batteries
provide a high-energy option with a good lifespan, but they are not as safe as they could be compared to other
lithium-ion battery types and are quite costly. The Boston Consulting Group notes that NCA batteries must be
accompanied in cars by safety measures that monitor their performance and behaviour to keep drivers secure.
Return nickel cobalt aluminium oxide battery, or NCA, has been around since 1999 for special applications. It shares
similarities with NMC by offering high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long life span Len
flattering are safety and cost. Figure 11 summarizes the six key characteristics NCA is a further development of lithium
nickel oxide adding aluminum gives the chemistry greater stability.
High energy and power densities, as well as good life san male NCA a candidate for EV powers High and marginal
safety, are negatives.
2.6 LITHIUM TITANATE OXIDE (LTO)
The advantages of Lithium Titanate Oxide (lithium titanium oxide battery technology are significant and the whole
LTO technology is a game-changer for the entire battery industry. The LTO is bringing a new dimension of possibilities
for energy storage with a number of economic as well as ecological aspects.
the LTO is a rechargeable battery based on or modified from the Lithium-lon (Li-ion) battery technology: titanate
oxide (LTO) replaces the graphite in the anode of the typical Li-ion battery and form the materials into a spinel 3D
crystal structure. Having a nominal cell voltage of 2.40V. it releases high current discharge arent which is 10 times the
capacity of the other types of lithium batteries. Instead of using carbon particles on its surface as other Lithium
batteries do, Lithilan Titanate utilizes lithium-titanate nanocrystals.
Lithium Titanate batteries benefits range from a long lifetime to enhanced safety, low-temperature performance
and large potential for integration with energy storage solutions L-titanate replaces the graphite in the anode of a
typical lithium-ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure. The cathode can be lithium manganese
oxide or NMC L-titanate has a normal cell voltage of 2.40V can be fast-charged and delivers a high discharge
current of 10C or 10 times the rated capacity. The cycle said to be higher than that of a regular on L-titanate w safe
has excellent love temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80 percentat-30° C(-22° F).
LTO (commonly L4TijOu) has advantages over the conventional cobalt-blended Li-ion with graphite anode by
attaining zero-strain property, no SEI film formation and no lithium plating when fast charging and charging at low
temperature. Thermal stability under high temperature is also better than other Li-ion systems however, the battery
is expensive. At only 65 While the specific energy is low, rivalling that of NiCd Li-titanate changes to 180V/cell and the
end of discharge is 180V/cell Figure illustrates the characteristics of the U-titanate battery Typical uses are electric
powertrains UPS and solar-powered street lighting.
The figure compares the specific energy of lead-, nickel- and lithium-based systems. While Li-aluminum (NCA) is the
clear winner by storing more capacity than other systems, this only applies to specific energy in terms of specific
power and thermal stability, Li-manganese (LMO) and Li-phosphate (LFP) are superior, Li-titanate (LTO) may have
low capacity but this chemistry outlives most other batteries in terms of de span and also has the best cold
temperature performance. Moving towards the electric powertrain safety and the cycle life will gain dominance
overcapacity (LCO stands for Li-cobalt, the original Li-ion).
CONCLUSION:-
In this way, we study the different types of Lithium-ion batteries
Reference:-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369702114004118