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Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

PPreetham U Naik17 Jan 2022
LITHIUM ION CELLS MATERIALS CHEMICAL REACTION
1. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)
  • Active material - Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) 90%.
  • Binder - Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 5%.
  • Conductive Carbon - Carbon Black 5%.
  • Anode - `Li_nC_6 harr nLi^+ n e^(-) +C_6`
  • Cathode - `Li_(1-n)CoO_2+nLi^++ n e^(-) harr LiCoO_2`
  • Overall - `Li_nC_6+CoO_2 harr LiCoO_2+C_6`
2. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)
  • Active material - Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) 90%.
  • Binder - Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 5%.
  • Conductive Carbon - Carbon Black 5%.
  • Anode - `Li_nC_6 harr nLi^+ n e^(-) +C_6`
  • Cathode - `Li_(1-n)Mn_2O_4+nLi^++ n e^(-) harr LiMn_2O_4`
  • Overall - `Li_nC_6+Li(1-n)Mn_2O_4 harr LiMn_2O_4+C_6`
3. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)
  • Active material - Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA) 90%.
  • Binder - Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 5%.
  • Conductive Carbon - Carbon Black 5%.
  • Anode - `Li_nC_6 harr nLi^+ n e^(-) +C_6`
  • Cathode - `Li_(1-n)Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O_2+nLi^++ n e^(-) harr LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O_2`
  • Overall - `Li_nC_6+Li_(1-n)Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O_2 harr LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O_2+C_6`
4. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
  • Active material - Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) 90%.
  • Binder - Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 5%.
  • Conductive Carbon - Carbon Black 5%.
  • Anode - `Li_nC_6 harr nLi^+ n e^(-) +C_6`
  • Cathode - `Li_(m-n) (Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2+nLi^++ n e^(-) harr Li_m (Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2`
  • Overall - `Li_nC_6+Li(m-n)(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2 harr Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2+C_6`
5. Lithium Ferrus Phosphate (LFP)
  • Active material - Lithium Ferrous Phosphate(LFP) 90%.
  • Binder - Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 5%.
  • Conductive Carbon - Carbon Black 5%.
  • Anode - `Li_nC_6 harr nLi^+ n e^(-) +C_6`
  • Cathode - `Li_(1-n)FePO_4+nLi^++ n e^(-) harr LiFePO_4`
  • Overall - `Li_nC_6+Li(1-n)FePO_4 harr LiFePO_4+C_6`
6. Lithium Titanate (LTO)
  • Active material - Lithium Titanate (LTO) 90%.
  • Binder - Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 5%.
  • Conductive Carbon - Carbon Black 5%.
  • Anode - `Li_nC_6 harr nLi^+ n e^(-) +C_6`
  • Cathode - `Li_(4-n)Ti_5O_12+nLi^++ n e^(-) harr Li_4Ti_5O_12`
  • Overall - `Li_nC_6+Li_(4-n)Ti_5O_12 harr Li_4Ti_5O_12+C_6`

Difference between Li Ion batteries

Characteristics LCO LMO NCA NMC LFP LTO
Cathode or Active Material `LiCoO_2` `LiMn_2O_4` `LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O_2` `Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2` `LiFePO_4` `Li_4Ti_5O_12`
Voltage 3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell 3.70V (3.80V) nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell 3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell 3.60V, 3.70V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell, or higher 3.20, 3.30V nominal; typical operating range 2.5–3.65V/cell 2.40V nominal; typical operating range 1.8–2.85V/cell
Specific energy (capacity) 150–200Wh/kg. Specialty cells provide up to 240Wh/kg. 100–150Wh/kg 200-260Wh/kg; 300Wh/kg predictable 150–220Wh/kg. 90–120Wh/kg 50–80Wh/kg
Charge (C-rate) 0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V (most cells); 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life. 0.7–1C typical, 3C maximum, charges to 4.20V (most cells) 0.7C, charges to 4.20V (most cells), 3h charge typical, fast charge possible with some cells 0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V, some go to 4.30V; 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life. 1C typical, charges to 3.65V; 3h charge time typical 1C typical; 5C maximum, charges to 2.85V
Discharge (C-rate) 1C; 2.50V cut off. Discharge current above 1C shortens battery life. 1C; 10C possible with some cells, 30C pulse (5s), 2.50V cut-off 1C typical; 3.00V cut-off; high discharge rate shortens battery life 1C; 2C possible on some cells; 2.50V cut-off 1C, 25C on some cells; 40A pulse (2s); 2.50V cut-off (lower that 2V causes damage) 10C possible, 30C 5s pulse; 1.80V cut-off on LCO/LTO
Cycle life 500–1000, related to depth of discharge, load, temperature 300–700 (related to depth of discharge, temperature) 500 (related to depth of discharge, temperature) 1000–2000 (related to depth of discharge, temperature) 2000 and higher (related to depth of discharge, temperature) 3,000–7,000
Thermal runaway 150°C (302°F). Full charge promotes thermal runaway 250°C (482°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway 150°C (302°F) typical, High charge promotes thermal runaway 210°C (410°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway 270°C (518°F) Very safe battery even if fully charged One of safest Li-ion batteries
Applications Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla) E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial. Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting
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