Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Battery Chemistry

State of Battery

Electrode/Cell

Type of Reaction

Chemical reaction

Lithium Ion Manganese Oxide (LMO) (LiMn₂O_4­)

Charging

Cathode -> Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)

Oxidation

LiMn₂O₄ -> Mn₂O₄ + Li⁺ + e^-

Lithium Ion Manganese Oxide (LMO) (LiMn₂O_4­)

Charging

Anode -> Lithiated Graphite (LiC₆)

Reduction

C₆ + Li⁺ + e^- -> LiC₆

Lithium Ion Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O_4­)

Charging

Cell

LiMn₂O₄ + C₆ -> Mn₂O₄ + LiC₆

Lithium Ion Manganese Oxide (LMO) (LiMn₂O_4­)

Discharging

Cathode -> Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)

Reduction

Mn­₂O₄ + Li⁺ + e^- -> LiMn₂O₄

Lithium Ion Manganese Oxide (LMO) (LiMn₂O_4­)

Discharging

Anode -> Lithiated Graphite (LiC₆)

Oxidation

LiC₆ -> C_6­ + Li_­⁺ + e^-

Lithium Ion Manganese Oxide (LMO) (LiMn₂O_4­)

Discharging

Cell

Mn₂O₄ + LiC₆ -> LiMn₂O₄ + C₆

Lithium-Titanate Battery (LTO)

Charging

Cathode -> Lithium Manganese Oxide(LiMn₂O₄) **

Oxidation

3LiMn₂O₄ -> 3Mn₂O₄ + 3Li⁺ + 3e_­^-

Lithium Titanate Battery (LTO)

Charging

Anode -> Lithium Titanate Oxide (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)

Reduction

3Li⁺ + 3e^- + Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ -> Li₇Ti₅­­O₁₂

Lithium Titanate Battery (LTO)

Charging

Cell

3LiMn₂O₄ + Li₄Ti₅O_{12 ->} 3Mn₂O₄ + Li₇Ti₅­­O₁₂

Lithium Titanate Battery (LTO)

Discharging

Cathode -> Lithium Manganese Oxide(LiMn₂O₄)

Reduction

3Mn₂O₄ + 3Li⁺ + 3e_­^- -> 3LiMn₂O₄

Lithium Titanate Battery (LTO)

Discharging

Anode -> Lithium Titanate Oxide (Li₇Ti₅­­O₁₂)

Oxidation

Li₇Ti₅­­O₁₂ -> 3Li⁺ + 3e^- + Li₄Ti₅O₁₂

Lithium Titanate Battery (LTO)

Discharging

Cell

Li₇Ti₅­­O₁₂ + 3Mn₂O_{4 ->} Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ + 3LiMn₂O₄

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Battery

Charging

Cathode -> Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)

Oxidation

LiCoO₂ -> CoO₂ + Li⁺ + e_­^-

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Battery

Charging

Anode-> Lithiated Graphite (LiC₆)

Reduction

Li⁺ + e^- + C₆ -> LiC₆

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Battery

Charging

Cell

LiC₆ + CoO₂ -> C₆ + LiCoO₂

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Battery

Discharging

Cathode -> Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)

Reduction

CoO₂ + Li⁺ + e_­^- -> LiCoO₂

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Battery

Discharging

Anode -> Lithiated Graphite (LiC₆)

Oxidation

LiC­₆ -> Li⁺ + e^- + C₆

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Battery

Discharging

Cell

C₆ + LiCoO₂ -> LiC₆ + CoO₂

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Battery

Charging

Cathode -> Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂ (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide)

Oxidation

Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂ -> Li_{(m – n)}(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂ + nLi⁺ + ne^-

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Battery

Charging

Anode -> Li_nC₆ (Lithiated Carbon)

Reduction

C₆ + nLi⁺ + ne^- -> Li_nC₆

n= No. of Lithium Ions in Lithiated Carbon

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Battery

Charging

Cell

Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂ -> Li_nC₆ + Li_{(m – n)}(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Battery

Discharging

Cathode -> Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂ (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide)

Reduction

Li_{(m – n)}(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂ + nLi⁺ + ne^- -> Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂

Note: x+y+z =1

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Battery

Discharging

Anode -> Li_nC₆ (Lithiated Carbon)

Oxidation

Li_nC₆ -> C₆ + nLi⁺ + ne^-

n= No. of Lithium Ions in Lithiated Carbon

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Battery

Discharging

Cell

Li_nC₆ + Li_(m-n)(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂ -> C₆ + Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) Battery

Charging

Cathode -> Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (Li_{(m – n)}(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂)

Oxidation

Li_m(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂ -> Li_{(m – n)}(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂ + nLi⁺ + ne^-

Note: x+y+z=1

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) Battery

Charging

Anode -> Lithiated Graphite (LiC₆)

Reduction

C₆ + nLi⁺ + ne^-

-> Li_nC₆

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) Battery

Charging

Cell

C₆ + Li_m(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂ -> Li_nC₆ + Li_{(m – n)}(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) Battery

Discharging

Cathode -> Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (Li_{(m – n)}(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂)

Reduction

Li_{(m – n)}(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂ + nLi⁺ + ne^- -> Li_m(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂

Note: x+y+z=1

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) Battery

Discharging

Anode -> Lithiated Graphite (Li_nC₆)

Oxidation

Li_nC₆ -> C₆ + nLi⁺ + ne^-

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) Battery

Discharging

Cell

Li_nC₆ + Li_{(m – n)}(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂ -> C₆ + Li_m(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O₂

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Battery

Charging

Cathode -> Li_(m-n)FePO₄

Oxidation

Li_mFePO₄ -> Li_(m–n)FePO₄ + nLi⁺ + ne^-

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Battery

Charging

Anode -> Lithiated Carbon (Li_nC₆)

Reduction

C₆ + nLi⁺ + ne^- -> Li_nC₆

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Battery

Charging

Cell

Li_mFePO₄ + C₆ -> Li_(m-n)FePO₄ + Li_nC₆

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Battery

Discharging

Cathode -> Li_(m-n)FePO₄

Reduction

Li_(m–n)FePO₄ + nLi⁺ + ne^- -> Li_mFePO₄

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Battery

Discharging

Anode -> Lithiated Carbon (Li_nC₆)

Oxidation

Li_nC₆ -> C₆ + nLi⁺ + ne^-

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Battery

Discharging

Cell

Li_(m–n)FePO₄ + Li_nC₆ -> Li_mFePO₄ + C₆

Battery

Specific Capacity (mAh/g)

Voltage vs. L+/Li, V

Characteristics

NCA (LiNiCoAlO₂)

185

4.2

Highest Battery Capacity, Low cost, Safety concerns due to poor/lower thermal stability

NMC (LiNiMnCoO₂)

180

4.2

High Battery capacity, Lowest cost, Life Cycle(less than NCA)

LiMn₂O₄ (Spinel LMO)

130

4.0

Very good Discharging & Charging rate capability, low cost, Low Battery capacity, Poor Life Cycle, Safest among all the Lithium based batteries due to high thermal stability.

LiCoO₂ (LCO)

160

3.7

High Energy Density, Good battery capacity and Expensive, unsafe during fast charging due to poor thermal stability

LTO

168

2.40 V

Highest Cycle Life, High Cost, Low Energy Density, High Charging & Discharging rate

LiFePO₄ (LFP)

140

3.3 V

High Energy Density, low cost, Low self-discharge rate, Very Good life cycle and high Thermal Stability.