Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1. Question(1):-

Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it.

Above all are lithium ion batteries .Lithium ion batteries are a family of rechargeable types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging.

In lithium ion battery there are some components which are as follows :-

• Cathode :- Positive electrode made up of lithium-oxide.
• Anode :- Negative electrode made up of metals or alloys mainly graphite or hard carban.
• Electrolyte :- Acts as medium for flow of ions and mainly electrolyte are ethylene carbonate,dimethylene carbonate , propylene carbonate along with dissolved lithium salt.
• Seperator:- It's acts as isolator between cathode and anode which prevents from short circuiting and won't allow electron's to flow through it.
• Current collectors :- Aluminium foilcurrent collector at cathode and copper foil current collector at anode .

As cathode of lithium ion battery are lithium oxide which are :-

• LCO (Lithium cobalt oxide) LiCOO2
• LMO(Lithium manganse oxide) LiMn2O4
• NCA(Nickel cobalt aluminium oxide) LiNiCOAlO2
• NMC(Nickel Manganese cobalt) LiNiMnCOO2
• LFP(Lithium iron phosphate) LiFePO4
• LTO(Lithium titanate)Li2tio3

Following is the table which includes all metals and chemical reaction at anode and cathode during battery discharging of various type of lithium ion battery.

Types of lithium ion batteries	Material used	Material used	Chemical reaction	Chemicl reaction
	At Anode	At Cathode	At Anode	At Cathode
LCO (Lithium cobalt oxide) LiCOO2	Graphite	Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCOO2)	LiC6xLi+ +xe- +6c	Li(1-x)COO2(s)+xLi+ +xe-LiCOO2
LMO(Lithium manganse oxide) LiMn2O4	Graphite	Lithium manganse oxide LiMn2O4	LiC6xLi+ +xe- +6c	Li(1-x)Mn2O4+xLi+ +xe-LiMn2O4
NCA(Nickel cobalt aluminium oxide) LiNiCOAlO2	Graphite	Nickel cobalt aluminium oxide LiNiCOAlO2	LiC6xLi+ +xe- +6c	Li(1-x)NiCOAlO2+xLi+ +xe-LiNiCOAlO2
NMC(Nickel Manganese cobalt) LiNiMnCOO2	Graphite	Nickel Manganese cobalt LiNiMnCOO2	LiC6xLi+ +xe- +6c	Li(1-x)NiMnCOO2+xLi+ +xe-LiNiMnCOO2
LFP(Lithium iron phosphate) LiFePO4	Graphite	Lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4	LiC6xLi+ +xe- +6c	Li(1-x)FePO4+xLi+ +xe-LiFePO4
LTO(Lithium titanate)Li2tio3	Graphite	Lithium titanate Li2tio3	LiC6xLi+ +xe- +6c	Li(1-x)TiO3+xLi+ +xe-Li2TiO3

In all lithium ion batteries anode is made up of graphite and cathode is made up of lithium oxide .All above chemical reactions are for dicharging mode of battery.

2. Question(2):-

Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics.

Following are the characteristic of various types of lithium ion battery

a. Lithium Cobalt Oxide :-

• It has high specific energy as compared to the other batteries which make it the preferred choice for laptops and mobile phones.
• It also has a low cost and a moderate performance
• It has low specific power, low safety.
• Low lifespan.

b. Lithium Manganese Oxide :-

• It has moderate specific power.
• It moderate specific energy and a moderate level of safety.
• It has low cost.
• It has low performance and low lifespan.
• It is usually used in medical devices and power tools.

c. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide :-

• It has high specific energy which makes it desirable in electric powertrains, electric vehicles, and electric bikes.
• It has low cost.
• It is moderate ispecific power, safety, lifespan, and performance.
• It has high specific power or high specific energy.

d. Lithium Iron Phosphate:-

• It has low specific energy.
• It has high specific power, offers a high level of safety, has a high lifespan.
• It has low cost.
• The performance of this battery is also moderate.
• It is often employed in electric motorcycles .

e. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide:-

• It has high specific energy.
• It is pretty moderate in the rest of the characteristics like performance, cost, specific power, and lifespan.
• It has low level of safety.
• Its high specific energy and moderate lifespan make it a good candidate for electric powertrains.

f. Lithium Titanate :-

• It has low specific energy.
• It has moderate specific power
• It has extremely high cost.
• It has fast recharge time.
• It can be used for storing solar energy and creating smart grids.

From above charateristics of battery comparision of following characteristics as below:-

• The battery with highest specific energy are lithium cobalt oxide,Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide ,Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide.
• The battery with highest specific power is Lithium Iron Phosphate .
• The battery with highest safety are Lithium Iron Phosphate and Lithium Titanate.
• The battery with highest life span are Lithium Iron Phosphate and Lithium Titanate.
• The battery with highest cost is lithium titanate and moderate is Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide and remaining are low cost.
• The battery with best performance is lithium titanate.