Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
Week 1
Understanding different battery chemistry
Aim:
To prepare a table that includes materials and chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP, and LTO type of lithium-ion cells. And to compare the difference between each type of Li-ion battery based on their characteristics.
|
Chemical name |
Chemical reaction at Cathode |
Chemical reaction at Anode |
Reaction |
|
LCO() |
`CoO_2+〖Li〗^++e^-↔ LiCoO_2` | `LiC_6↔C_6+〖Li〗^++e^-` | `LiCoO_2+C_6↔LiC_6+CoO_2` |
|
LMO() |
`MnO_2+〖Li〗^++e^-↔ LiMnO_2` | `LiC_6↔C_6+〖Li〗^++e^-` | `〖Mn〗_2+〖2LiC〗_6↔Mn+2Li+graphite` |
|
NCA() |
`NiCoAlO_2+〖Li〗^++e^-↔ LiNiCoAlO_2` | `LiC_6↔C_6+〖Li〗^++e^-` | `Li(1-x)NiO_2↔((2-x)Li(1-x)/(2-x)Ni1)/(2-x)O+x/2O_2` |
|
NMC() |
`NiMnCoO_2+〖Li〗^++e^-↔ LiNiMnCoO_2` | `LiC_6↔C_6+〖Li〗^++e^-` | `Li(x)MO_2↔Li+(org)+Li(x-1)MO_2+e^-` |
|
LFP() |
`FePO_4+〖Li〗^++e^-↔ LiFePO_4` | `LiC_6↔C_6+〖Li〗^++e^-` | `LiCoO_2+C_6↔LiC_6+CoO_2` |
|
LTP() |
`4〖Mn〗_2 PO_4+〖4Li〗^++〖4e〗^-↔ 4Li〖Mn〗_2 O_4` | `〖Li〗_4 〖Ti〗_5 O_12+〖4Li〗^++〖4e〗^-↔〖4LiMn〗_2 O_4` | `4〖Mn〗_2 O_4+〖〖Li〗_4 〖Ti〗_5 O_12〗^ ↔〖4LiMn〗_2 O_2+〖Ti〗_4 O_12` |
- Characteristics of Li-ion batteries with a detailed explanation:
Characteristics of Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)
Lithium cobalt oxide: cathode (60% Co), graphite anode
Voltages: 3.6V nominal; typical operating range 3.0-4.2V/cell
Specific energy: 150-200Wh/kg.
Charge (C-rate): 0.7-1C, charges to 4.2V; 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.
Discharge (C-rate): 1C; 2.5V cutoff. Discharge current above 1C shortens battery life.
Cycle life: 500-1000, related to the depth of discharge, load, temperature
Thermal runaway: 150˚C (302F). full charge promotes runaway
Applications: mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras
Characteristics of Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)
Lithium Manganese Oxide: Graphite anode
Voltages: 3.70V (3.80V)nominal; typical operating range 3.0-4.2V/cell
Specific energy: 100-150Wh/kg.
Charge (C-rate): 0.7-1C, 3C maximum, charges to 4.2V;
Discharge (C-rate): 1C; 10C possible with some cells, 30C pulse (5s), 2.5V cutoff.
Cycle life: 300-700, related to the depth of discharge, load, temperature
Thermal runaway: 250˚C (482F) typical. high charge promotes runaway
Applications: power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains
Characteristics of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA)
Lithium Cobalt Aluminium Oxide: ) cathode (9% Co). Graphite anode
Voltages: 3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0-4.2V/cell
Specific energy: 200-260Wh/kg.
Charge (C-rate): 0.7C charges to 4.20V (most cells), 3h charge typical, fast charge possible with some cells.
Discharge (C-rate): 1C typical; 3.0V cutoff; high discharge rate shortens battery life.
Cycle life: 500, related to the depth of discharge, load, temperature
Thermal runaway: 150˚C (302F) typical. high charge promotes runaway
Applications: Medical devices, electric powertrains, industrial.
Characteristics of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
Lithium Manganese Oxide: cathode (9% Co). Graphite anode
Voltages: 3.60V, 3.70V nominal; typical operating range 3.0-4.2V/cell
Specific energy: 150-220Wh/kg.
Charge (C-rate): 0.7C-1C charges to 4.20V (most cells),3h charge typical, charge current above 1C shortens battery life.
Discharge (C-rate): 1C; 2C possible on some cells; 2.50V cutoff.
Cycle life: 1000-2000, related to the depth of discharge, load, temperature
Thermal runaway: 210˚C (410F) typical. high charge promotes runaway
Applications: Medical devices, electric powertrains, industrial, EVs.
Characteristics of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Lithium Iron Phosphate: cathode (9% Co). Graphite anode
Voltages: 3.20V, 3.30V nominal; typical operating range 2.5-3.65V/cell
Specific energy: 90-120Wh/kg.
Charge (C-rate): 1C charges to 3.65V (most cells),3h charge typical.
Discharge (C-rate): 1C; 25C possible on some cells; 40A pulse; 2.50V cutoff.
Cycle life: 2000 and higher, related to the depth of discharge, load, temperature
Thermal runaway: 270˚C (518F) very safe battery even if fully charged.
Applications: portable and stationary need high load currents and endurance.
Conclusions: a detailed study has been done on different types of Li-ion battery and their characteristics and applications.