Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Aim:

To prepare a table to explain the material and chemical reaction of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium-ion cells and their characteristics.

Explanation:

A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is an advanced battery technology that uses lithium ions as a key component of its electrochemistry.

During a discharge cycle, lithium atoms in the anode are ionized and separated from their electrons. The lithium ions move from the anode and pass through the electrolyte until they reach the cathode, where they recombine with their electrons and electrically neutralize. The lithium ions are small enough to be able to move through a micro-permeable separator between the anode and cathode. In part because of lithium’s small size (third only to hydrogen and helium), Li-ion batteries are capable of having a very high voltage and charge storage per unit mass and unit volume.

Li-ion batteries can use a number of different materials as electrodes. The most common combination is that of lithium cobalt oxide (cathode) and graphite (anode), which is most commonly found in portable electronic devices such as cellphones and laptops. Other cathode materials include lithium manganese oxide (used in hybrid electric and electric automobiles) and lithium iron phosphate. Li-ion batteries typically use ether (a class of organic compounds) as an electrolyte.

Lithium Battery Technologies:

LCO: LMO:

NCA: NMC:

LFP: LTO:

	LCO	LMO	NCA	NMC	LFP	LTO
Full-Form:	Lithium Cobalt Oxide	Lithium Manganese Oxide	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum oxide	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide	Lithium Iron Phosphate	Lithium Titanate
Cathode Material:	lithiated metal oxide - `Li_2CoO_2`	Lithium Manganese oxide	`LiNiCoAlO_2`	LiNiMnCoO2	`LiFePO_4`	Lithium Manganese oxide or NMC
Anode Material:	lithiated graphite	Graphite	Graphite	Graphite	Graphite	`Li_2TiO_3`
Electrolyte:	LiPF6 or similar lithium salt and Ethylene Carbonate as a solvent.	Lithium Halide	Lithium Salt	Ethylene carbonate	Ethylene Carbonate	Lithium Salt
Separator:	Polyolefin	Polyethylene	Ethylene Carbonate	Polyolefin	Polyolefin	Polyolefin
Anode Reaction:	`C_6Li rightarrow 6C +Li^+ +e^-`	`LiC_6 rightarrow C_6 + Li^+ + e^-`	C_6Li rightarrow xLi + xe^(-) + C_6`	C_6Li rightarrow xLi + xe^(-) + C_6`	C_6Li rightarrow xLi + xe^(-) + C_6`	`Li_2TiO_3 rightarrow TiO_3 + 2Li^+ + 2e^-`
Cathode Reaction:	`Li_(1-x)CoO_2(s) + xLi^+ +xe^(-) rightarrow LiCoO_2`	`Mn_2O_4 + Li^+ + e^(-) rightarrow LiMn_2O_4`	`NiCoAlO_2 + Li^+ + e^(- )rightarrow LiNiCoAlO_2`	`NiMnCoO_2 + Li^+ + e^(-) rightarrow LiNiMnCoO_2`	`LiFe(III)PO_4 + xLi + xe^(-) rightarrow LiFe(II)PO_4` `FePO_4 + Li^+ + e^(-) rightarrow LiFePO_4`	`Mn_2O_4 + Li^+ + e^(-) rightarrow LiMn_2O_4`
Cell Capacity(nominal, V):	3.70 V	3.80 V	3.60 V	3.60 V	3.20 V	2.40 V
Operating Range:	3.0-4.2 V/cell	3.0-4.2 V/cell	3.0 - 4.2V/cell	3.0 -4.2V/cell or higher	2.5 - 3.65 V/cell	1.8 - 2.85 V/cell
Application:	Due to its relative Lightweight, it can be used in portal devices such as mobiles, wristwatches, computers and aerospace applications. Higher energy density makes them suitable for use in all-electric vehicles as well as in power tools and implanted medical devices.	Power tools, Medical Devices, Electric Powertrain	Medical Devices, Industrial electric powertrain	E-bikes, Medical devices, EVs, Industrial.	Portable and stationary needing High load currents and endurance.	UPS, Electric Powertrain, Solar-powered street lighting
Comments:	Very High specific energy Limited Specific power	High Power but less capacity Safer than Li-Cobalt Commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance	Similarities with Li-Cobalt. Servers as energy cells.	Provide high capacity High power Serves as Hybrid cells	very flat voltage discharge curve but low capacity	Long life, fast charge, wide temperature range but low specific energy and expensive.Among safest Li-ion batteries. Ability to ultra-fast charge and High-cost limit to a special application.