Introduction to National Building Code and Steps in a Construction project
1: Why are building codes or standards essential for the modeling/ efficiency of drawings in Revit ?
- The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction activities across the country.
- Buildings must conform to the code to obtain planning permission, usually from a local council. The main purpose of building codes is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures.
- Building codes are generally intended to be applied by architects, engineers, interior designers, constructors and regulators but are also used for various purposes by safety inspectors, environmental scientists, real estate developers, subcontractors, manufacturers of building products and materials, insurance companies, facility managers, tenants, and others. Codes regulate the design and construction of structures where adopted into law.
- The purpose of building codes is to provide minimum standards for safety, health, and general welfare including structural integrity, mechanical integrity (including sanitation, water supply, light, and ventilation), means of egress, fire prevention and control, and energy conservation.
- Rules regarding parking and traffic impact
- Fire code rules to minimize the risk of a fire and to ensure safe evacuation in the event of such an emergency
- Requirements for earthquake (seismic code), hurricane, flood, and tsunami resistance, especially in disaster prone areas or for very large buildings where a failure would be catastrophic equirements for specific building uses (for example, storage of flammable substances, or housing a large number of people)
- Energy provisions and consumption
- Unless the building is being renovated, the building code usually does not apply to existing buildings.
- Allowable installation methodologies
- Minimum and maximum room ceiling heights, exit sizes and location
- Qualification of individuals or corporations doing the work
- For high structures, anti-collision markers for the benefit of aircraft
- The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction activities across the country.
2: From the National Building Code list the groups that will be essential to you when you begin modeling in Autodesk Revit.
- GROUP 1
INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING
PROVISIONS OF THE CODE
ADMINISTRATION
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND GENERAL BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
BUILDING MATERIALS
LANDSCAPING, SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES
Landscape Planning and Design
Signs and Outdoor Displa - Group 2 For Structural Design and
Related Aspects
Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying
Provisions of the Code Structural Design
Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects
Section 2 Soils and Foundations
Section 3 Timber and Bamboo
3A Timber
3B Bamboo
Section 4 Masonry
Section 5 Concrete
5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete
5B Prestressed Concrete
Section 6 Steel
Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and
Mixed/Composite Construction
7A Prefabricated Concrete
7B Systems Building and Mixed/
Composite Construction
Group 3 For Construction Related
Aspects including Safety
Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying
Provisions of the Code
Constructional Practices and Safety
Group 4 For Aspects Relating to
Building Services
Part 0: Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying
Provisions of the Code
Part 8: Building Services
Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation
Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations
Section 3 Air conditioning, Heating and Mechanical
Ventilation
Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise
Control
Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators
Part 0: Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying
Provisions of the Code
Group 5
Plumbing Services
For Aspects Relating to
Plumbing Services
including Solid Waste
Management Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation
(including Solid Waste Management)
Section 2 Gas Supply
3: List the five major steps that occur in project cycle . The steps should include from conceptualization of project to maintenance and final stage.
Ans:
| Managing the building of civil engineering systems from cradle to grave to include coordination between the owner, contractor and designer. |
Finance and Estimating
| Operating in the business world to include accounting, financial contracts and estimating the cost of activities. |
Contracts and Bids
| Demonstrating strong bidding practices and effective contract administration is integral to acquiring the next job or project as a construction manager. |
Geotechnical
| Designing foundations and earthwork systems to support soil itself and transfer loads from structures into the earth while limiting settlements. |
Management
| Managing equipment, personnel and supplies to build more effectively, efficiently and economically. |
Structural
| Designing systems of structural members used to support loads for a specified public function such as bridges, buildings, dams and bell towers. |
Surveying
| Measuring physical features to include horizontal distances and elevation differences to determine property lines, lay out buildings and produce maps. |
4: Give examples of different disciplines involved in construction of a project
A. Pre-Construction Steps (Phase – I)
1. To Acquire Land or Plot
It is the most important step in building construction. Search for the location for the building which is best suited for building construction purposes. Be careful while selecting land which has all the desired facilities available nearby and should be free from all land-related issues.
It is suggested that do prior data collection before buying land or plot either by doing research online or seeking help from real estate agents or concerned persons regarding the effective cost of the same.
2. To Seek Technical Help
After selecting proper land for building, take the help of a professional architect to create building designs and take his/her advice. An architect prepare plan as per building requirement, number of flats, shops based on your requirements and budget.
Then after architect consult with a structural engineer for details of the reinforcements to be used, how deep your foundation will be, the size of gravel to be used, pillar width, etc.
3.Preparing Estimate and Budget
Building construction involves a huge amount of material and budget. After, planning and structural detailing have been completed these details are transferred to the building estimator. The building estimator will estimate the material quantity, quantity of different items of work, and prepare an abstract sheet that shows the cost of building construction.
If financial resources are limited, we need to seek pre-approval for loans in advance, or else you may end up in a cash crunch situation.
4. Permission from Authorities
This is important work to do after the project is ready to be executed. For that, we have to take permission from the local municipal body before you could go for the construction.
Following are the list of document project required before applying for permission. This document may differ from state to state, but some are essential for every building construction work.
a) Land survey: Survey of the land has to be carried out with the help of authorized land surveyor
b) Soil test report of the land.
c) Land documents.
d) Architecture/ elevation/ sectional drawings.
e) Structural report.
f) Architect Certificate of undertaking on Record and Certificate of the undertaking of Civil Engineer
5. Approach a Builder
A builder or contractor for construction must be chosen carefully because it is a major factor for securing building construction quality and timely construction of work. Pre investigation must be done about the builder before handing in work. In the contract document, all the work-related details must be clearly stated.
The contract document should cover layout and work details along with the payment methods, time scales, and costs. The condition of the contract should be thoroughly checked before signing a final deal.
4:Give examples of different disciplines involved in construction of a project
1. Site Preparation or Leveling
The construction site must be cleaned before the work is executed. This work involves the removal of roots of trees, debris, and leveling ground area.
2. Excavation and PCC
The foundation of the building ground is excavated with the help of excavating machines as per the building dimension specified in the drawings. In this foundation trench, a layer of PCC (Plain cement concrete) is laid in the dug portion before placing the reinforcements for the foundation.
3. Foundation
The building is supported on the foundation is the lowermost part of the building that is in contact with the soil. A building is load transferred from the superstructure to the soil and needs to be extremely strong to handle the load.
After the PCC work foundation reinforcement work is started. The foundation bottom level must check before concreting it. The remaining space between the foundation is filled with earth.
4. Plinth Beam and Slab
5. Superstructure – Column
The superstructure is the portion above the plinth level of the building. The main component of the superstructure is a column and beam. The columns are built up to slab level and the frame for further construction is prepared.
6. Brick Masonry Work
As column and beam framework completed masonry work is started with different materials such as bricks, concrete blocks, fly ash bricks, etc. according to building drawing. Masonry work is done using a cement mortar mix. It is a mixture of cement & sand. During this carefully and as per drawing gaps are laid for doors and windows during the masonry work.
7. The Lintel Over Door Window Gaps
The lintel is constructed on the door and window to support the masonry work over it. After this further masonry work is done.
8. Floor Slab or Roof Structure
Then the formwork is started to construct slab resting on the column and beam. Over slab formwork, slab reinforcement is placed as per slab detailed drawing.
9. Door Window Framing and Fixations
After that door window frames are fixed at their specified position given in the drawing .
10. Electrical and Plumbing
11. Exterior Finishing
Once this work is completed, external plastering and finishing work is started. Waterproofing is also done to prevent rising dampness in the wall. External cladding can also be done to enhance the elevation of the house.
12. Terrace and Roof Finishing
On top of the slab, waterproofing is done to prevent any leakage in the slab. Generally, terrazzo tiling is done to prevent the slab from a weathering effect.
13. Internal Finishing
Internal walls are plaster with a smooth finish and flooring is done with tiles. Later on, the walls are painted or textured.
14. Woodwork and Fixture Fittings
By following the above step, almost all construction work is completed, and then after furniture work is started. Side by side, electrical fitting, switchboard, and plumbing fittings are complete in the bathrooms and kitchen areas too.
15. Waterproofing
Waterproofing is a method that prevents water from penetrating your house. Waterproofing is very important as it helps keep your house dry. It helps reduce humidity inside the house and thereby protects things inside your house from damage caused due to humidity or water exposure
16. Painting Work
The most important purpose of house painting is to give our house a long life and adding colours on it is to give our house a beautiful makeover. The painting work not only add colours to house walls but to protect their house from all stain and dirt and give their house a long life, however, walls have a way of finding some stain.
There are various paint qualities which can be used to protect our house for a long time from stain, mud, sunlight, rain, dirt etc. from basic paint to high-quality paint which can give our house 5 to 10 years of extra life and amazing look for exterior and interior as well.
5: How are buildings classified ? Place the following buildings under each category
This shall comprise areas having residential (Group A), educational (Group B), institutional (Group C), and assembly (Group D), small business (Sub- divisions E-1) and retail mercantile (Group F) buildings, or areas which are under development for such occupancies.
a. Four unit apartments GROUP A
b. School with capacity of 1000 students GROUP B
c. A single unit shop. GROUP C
d. Multi story Shopping complex GROUP D
e. Steel machine factory GROUP F
6 . Distinguish the roles of Design team and Management team.
Ans:
| Design Team | Management Team |
| The design team for construction projects consists of an architect and engineers. Often, the team itself may consist of an architectural firm and an engineering firm which themselves employ several architects or engineers | One of the roles of the project manager during the design process is to facilitate the flow of information between other entities involved in the process. |
| The construction design team usually consists of both an architect and a team of engineers. Understanding exactly what a design team does is important for understanding their role within the scope of your project as a whole. | This includes the client, architects, and engineers. At a certain point, this may also include bringing a general contractor on board and incorporating them into design discussions. Like other parts of construction projects, in order to be effective, project management teams must be familiar with the design process as a whole. |
| he design team is primarily responsible for taking your idea and bringing it to life using their professional skills. The end result is a design that aligns with the client’s desires, is feasible, and is within the budgetary restrictions for the projec | They must understand where problems might arise and work to mitigate those problems as efficiently as possible. |
| Design teams are typically brought on at the beginning of a construction project and continue to work on the project throughout its life-cycle. | The project manager is also responsible for ensuring that each team member has a clear understanding of the project budget and schedule. This will help ensure that the design will progress within the project budget and time constraints. |
| The architect or architectural team is responsible for the design stage of the project. The architect will take an idea the owner has and if that idea is feasible, create a design around it. | roject managers are typically engaged throughout the design process. The design phase occupies a significant portion of the preconstruction phase. Design considerations can impact the project timeline and budget and may require the project manager to revise the project’s strategic plan. |
| Different types of architects may specialize in different types of projects. Some architects specialize in specific types of buildings, while others specialize in a subset of the project itself. | s the client, you’ll want to work closely with your project manager during the selection process for your design team. The selection of your design team can have a large impact on the success of your project |
| Engineers make sure that the project is as efficient as possible, reducing costs while maintaining necessary safety features | Designers differ in the types of construction projects they specialize in and in their design philosophy. One designer may specialize in utilitarian industrial design, while another may specialize in creating commercial structures that are aesthetically pleasing and emphasize sustainability |
| Engineers will also conduct an initial survey of the building site to assess feasibility for the project and get a sense of any special accommodations that may need to be made. | If certain features of design like sustainability or accessibility are important to you, you’ll want to work with a design team that incorporates those features into their design philosophy. |
| Each design team will approach their own creative process differently | our project manager will be able to steer you towards designers that have worked on projects that are similar to your own |
| Bringing the design team onto the project early is both necessary and advantageous. It is necessary because the design must come before the construction phase can begin. | This is usually a good place to start. From there you’ll want to find the design team whose design philosophy aligns closely with the project outcome you desire. |
| Getting an early start on the design process also allows the client’s team to quickly gain a sense of whether the structural design is possible, what constraints there are, and whether any entitlements will be necessary. | Even after construction has been completed, your project manager and architect will perform a final walk to ensure the physical construction matched the project requirements |
| The first draft and subsequent revisions represent a collaborative effort on behalf of both the architects and engineers. | In this way, working with the design team is a long-term commitment. As such, you’ll want to be as discerning as possible during the selection process to find a design team that you will be able to work well with. |
| When the architect comes up with a design for the project, the engineer will explore a variety of things, including what materials will be required, what support systems will need to be in place, and possibly what design aspects will need to be adjusted. | The design team in the construction industry has an important role. Design team members are engaged with the project through its entire life cycle. Design teams can add value to projects in a variety of ways, from an emphasis on value engineering to implementing sustainable building practices. |
| If any adjustments need to be made, the design will be sent back to the architect. Once that draft is done and has been approved by the client and architect, the engineer will need to go over it again to ensure that all safety, legal, and regulatory requirements are met. | Ultimately, the construction project management team works together to satisfy all of the client's demands, including costs, design, construction |
| The biggest challenge facing the design process is the breakdown of communication between the various entities involved. | The construction management team is also responsible for a variety of things, which include: Negotiate cost estimates and coordinate the budget. |
7:Refer to NBC, Identify the modeling requirements for the project ( from week 4).
a. Height Limitations
b. Area Limitations
c. Room sizing
d. Wall height
e. Thickness based on fire life and safety
f. Passageway requirements
A : Area & B:Height limitations
The maximum height of building hould not exceed 1.5 times of the width abutting the plus the front open space
If the Building abutson on two or more streets of different widths the building deemed to face upon the streets that has the greater width and height of the building
- The limitations of area and height of building of different occupancy classes and types of construction shall be achived by specifying in term of FAR
- Occupancy class.
- Type of construction
- width of the street fronting the building and the traffic load
- Locality where the building is propsed and the denity
- Parking facilities
- Local fire fighting facilities
- water supply and drainage facilities
Room Sizing and wall height - One of the walls should have an opening to the open air. Minimum ventilation or window space should be provided measuring up to 0.37 sq metres.
- A bathroom must always be over another bathroom or washing place or the terrace space and not over another room. Watertight floors can be an exception to this rule.
- The seat should be made of non-absorbent material.
- Bathrooms should be enclosed by partitions/walls, provided with an impervious surface with a height prescribed as not less than one metre.
- The floor covering should be impervious too but sloping towards the drain and not towards any other room or balcony space.
- A room provided with a water closet is to be used as a toilet only. These rooms must be provided with flush cisterns.