Week 7 - Simulation of a 1D Super-sonic nozzle flow simulation using Macormack Method

1. Aim The aim of this challenge was to perform surface meshing on a Tesla Cyber truck model and on a wind tunnel surrounding the same based on selected target length values of its different components using element type as Tria, as well as appropriate selection of the volume that contains the vehicle and its surroundings…

1. Aim The aim of this challenge was to perform surface wrapping on an automotive assembly, in this case a powertrain, based on pre-determined entities, such as given constant target length value using element type as Tria, in ANSA-CFD.   2. Procedure The approach adopted towards performing surface wrapping on…

1. Aim The aim of this challenge was to perform surface meshing on a BMW M6 car model and on a wind tunnel surrounding the same based on pre-determined entities, such as given target length values of its different components using element type as Tria, as well as appropriate selection of the volume that contains the…

1. Aim The aim of this challenge was to perform surface and volume meshing on a Turbocharger model based on pre-determined entities, such as given target length values of its different components using element type as Tria in case of the former i.e., surface meshing, and Tetra in case of the latter, in ANSA-CFD.  …

1. Aim The aim of this challenge was to perform surface meshing on a Pressure valve based on pre-determined entities, such as target length values of 1mm, 3mm and 5mm using element type as Tria, in ANSA-CFD.   2. Procedure The approach adopted towards performing surface meshing for the given Pressure valve model…

1. Introduction Data analysis can be described as the process of cleaning, modifying, extracting and processing raw information to aid in making informed decisions. The end goal of performing data analysis is to have access to detailed insights and statistics, including in the form of charts, images, tables, and graphs,…

1. Introduction Curve fitting can be described as a process of modelling or representing a dataset by allocating a mathematical function that would be considered as a best fit across all the data points. Common types of curve fitting includes interpolation, which refers to a function that would exactly fit the given…

1. Introduction Otto cycle is a representation of the working of internal combustion engines such as in two and four stroke engines across various automobiles. The otto cycle describes the conversion of chemical energy from the fuel into thermal energy to produce the desired motion and a PV diagram of an ideal otto cycle…

1. Introduction An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a mathematical function consisting of essentially one independent variable and its relation with respect to its derivatives. Examples of ODEs to describe physical phenomena and applications include Newton's law of cooling in packaging industry with the consumable…

1. Introduction The recent advancements in the design of ground vehicles with regards to aesthetics, safety and most importantly the fuel economy has led to a rise in experimental and numerical studies to ascertain the contributing factors. In all such studies performed over the years, it was found that the aerodynamic…

1. Introduction Formula SAE (FSAE) is a design competition for students, typically undergraduate and post-graduate engineering students, organised by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) chapter as events at both domestic and international levels (names may be changed) to develop racing vehicles or more specifically…

1. Introduction The exchange of thermal energy involving a solid body and a fluid volume at the shared interfaces can be described as a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) phenomena. The CHT analysis of any given system considers the physical processes and corresponding governing equations involved for the individual subdomains…

1. Introduction Cyclone separators are separation instruments that segregate particles or particulate matter from a fluid medium, typically gaseous in nature, on the principle of inertia, density differences and gravity. The working process involves supplying the particle laden fluid as a continuous stream into the separator…

1. Introduction Gearboxes, over the years, have served the purpose of using a system of gears to alter torque and speed in various forms and in a variety of different meshing configurations between them including in industrial machinery, conveyors and aerospace to name a few examples from the huge list of rotary motion…

1. Introduction Modern day passenger cars have greatly evolved in recent years with more focus placed on improving important aspects such as safety and fuel efficiency while also making them aesthetically appealing for a wider consumer base. As number of vehicles increase on roads to meet with different consumer requirements,…

1. Introduction An airfoil (or aerofoil) can be described as the cross-sectional shape of an object whose motion through a typically gaseous medium would lead to generating a significant amount of lift force which is usually more so than the drag force with the former (lift force) acting in a direction perpendicular with…

1. Introduction A shock tube can be described as a device, generally used in a laboratory setup, that produces high-temperature, high-pressure gases whose thermodynamic and chemical properties are subsequently assessed. The typical construction of a shock tube involves a very long pipe, closed at either ends, and consisting…

1. Introduction Fluid flow as observed in varying applications for different industries typically takes place through pipes that have a circular cross-sectional area owing to their capabilities to withstand large pressure differences across the inner and outer regions without undergoing significant deformation as…

1. Introduction Supersonic fluid flow of typically air, characterised by a value of Mach number greater than 1, generally tends to produce oblique supersonic wave(s) around the object it flows over and forms an important and unique set of behavioural aspects in practical scenarios dealing with compressible flow. A historical…

1. Introduction A huge piping network employed in different applications such as thermal power generation, petroleum or transport of water to commercial and residential complexes often involve different pipe fittings, valves and elbows due to various constraints in otherwise supplying typically fluid mediums across straight…

1. Introduction A throttle body valve fitted within a pipe works principally the same as a butterfly valve which is to regulate the movement of water across the confined pipe boundaries by rotating a disc typically mounted on a shaft whose motion can be controlled either manually with the help of a hand lever or gear,…

1. Introduction Turbulent fluid flow can be described as motion of fluid characterised by irregular and erratic changes in field quantities such as pressure and velocity due to the build-up of excessive kinetic energy leading to mixing between fluid layers and subsequently increasing frictional drag within the medium.…

1. Introduction Fluid flow within a well-bounded solid structure whose volume is completely occupied such that flow across the cross-sectional areas takes place due to pressure gradient can be characterised as internal flow. Hot and cold water flow pumped to taps in homes, transport of oil and gas distributed over long…

Reynolds stress can be described as an additional component of stress developed as a consequence of the turbulent transport of momentum due to velocity fluctuations leading to subsequent deformation of fluid layers. The realisation of Reynolds stresses from a physical significance standpoint and its occurrence in the Reynolds-averaged…

1. Introduction Flow around objects exists from commonly observed movement of animals in nature such as the flight of birds ranging from the smallest in size to the largest to man-made applications viz., in heat exchangers, chimney stacks, and commercial and cargo flight aircrafts respectively and a growing significance…

1. Introduction Processes involving interaction of thermal energy between a solid body and fluid volume at interfaces common to both domains leading to forming a thermally coupled system can be described as conjugate heat transfer (CHT) phenomena. CHT analysis for a coupled system takes into account the physical…

1. Introduction Gate valves can be described as a type of device, in the form of a gate or wedge shaped disc, that operates perpendicularly to the direction of fluid flow passing through a given channel or piping configuration to offer regulated movement of the said fluid. The highlight feature of a gate valve assembly…

1. Introduction A combustor can be described as a component within which fuel combines with air to undergo a typically high temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction, the energy from which is transferred as a power input to other component(s) usually part of the same assembly. The major design requirement of a combustor…

1. Introduction Flow through a bounding solid surface in which the fluid completely occupies the volume across it such that the flow is driven as a result of the pressure gradient can be described as internal flow. Heating and cooling applications involving the use of fluid flow through pipes, flow in arteries and…

1. Introduction The hydrodynamic instability caused as a result of having a heavy fluid (or more dense fluid) placed above a light fluid (or less dense fluid) in the presence of the gravitational field leading to the latter fluid trying to push onto the former fluid can be described as the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability (RTI)…

1. Finite Volume Method Finite Volume Method (FVM) can be defined as a discretization method that makes use of the integral formulation for the governing equations in accordance with the conservation laws. The manner in which FVM is implemented is explained as points of difference against Finite Difference Method (FDM),…

1. Introduction A throttle body valve fitted within a pipe works principally the same as a butterfly valve which is to regulate the movement of water across the confined pipe boundaries by rotating a disc typically mounted on a shaft whose motion can be controlled either manually with the help of a hand lever or gear,…

1. Introduction The backward facing step geometry is a classical example that offers insight into the phenomena of separating and attaching flows otherwise commonly observed in aerodynamic applications like flow over airfoil and diffusers to name a few. The aim of this challenge is to perform two-dimensional transient…

1. Introduction Fluid flows and more specifically gas flowing through a conduit undergoes deflections against the walls of the conveying medium with velocity in the direction of flow typically increasing but density remaining the same as long as the local speed of flow is less than the local speed of sound within the same…

1. Introduction The significance of heat conduction as is experienced across many engineering problems is often multi-dimensional either in the form of homogeneous or non-homogeneous heat transfer that can significantly alter thermal properties. Common examples include sudden or drastic temperature difference between the…

1. Introduction In this challenge, similar to the previous one (Week 11), the aim was to perform a two-dimensional transient axi-symmetric numerical simulation of an incompressible-laminar-viscous flow across a pipe of constant cross-section with flow characteristics resembling inlet conditions at Reynold's…