Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Title: Understanding Different Types of Battery Chemistry.

Types Of Lithium Ion Battery:

1. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) — LCO.
2. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO.
3. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC.
4. Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP.
5. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA.
6. Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO.

1. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) — LCO:

• Also known as lithium cobaltate or lithium-ion cobalt batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries are made from lithium carbonate and cobalt.
• This type of battery has some drawbacks, including a relatively short battery life and limited specific power.
• The usefulness of lithium cobalt oxide as an intercalation electrode was discovered in 1980 by an Oxford University research group.

2. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO:

• Lithium Manganate (LiMn₂O₄) is a cathode material with a spinel structure, which allows the material to be discharged at high rates. LMO-based batteries are most suited for use in high rate applications.
• Li₂MnO₃ is a lithium rich layered rocksalt structure that is made of alternating layers of lithium ions and lithium and manganese ions.
• One of the main research efforts in the field of lithium-manganese oxide electrodes for lithium-ion batteries involves developing composite electrodes using structurally integrated layered.
• The first commercial lithium-ion cells made with lithium manganese oxide as a cathode material were produced in 1996 by Moli Energy.

3. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC:

• Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide batteries are also called NCA batteries.
• This becoming increasingly important in electric powertrains and in grid storage.
• NCA batteries are not common in the consumer industry, but are promising for the automotive industry.
• NCA batteries provide a high-energy option with a good lifespan, but they are not as safe as they could be compared to other lithium-ion battery types and are quite costly.

4. Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP:

• Because of its lower cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility scale stationary applications, and backup power.
• LFP batteries are cobalt-free.
• Like other lithium-ion battery varieties, NMC batteries can have either a high specific energy density or a high specific power. They cannot, however, have both properties.

5. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA:

• The lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (NCAs) are a group of mixed metal oxides.
• as the nickel content increases, so does the voltage and thus the energy that can be stored in the battery.
• as the nickel content increases, the risk of thermal breakdown and premature aging of the battery also increases.

6. Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO:

• The lithium-titanate or lithium-titanium-oxide (LTO) battery is a type of rechargeable battery which has the advantage of being faster to charge.
• A lithium-titanate battery is a modified lithium-ion battery that uses lithium-titanate nanocrystals, instead of carbon, on the surface of its anode.
• A disadvantage of lithium-titanate batteries is their lower inherent voltage.

Table includes materials & chemical reactions:

Li-ion cell Type	Anode Material	Cathode Material	Electrolyte	Separator	Reaction at Anode	Reaction at Cathode	Overall Reaction
LCO	Graphite/Carbon	Cobalt Oxide	Ethylene Carbonate	Polyolefin	LiC6 → xLi+ + xe− + C6	Li1−xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe−→ LiCoO2	C6 + LiCoO2 ⟷ LixC6 + Li1−xCoO2
LMO	Graphite	Lithium Manganese spinal	Lithium Halide	Polyolefin	LiC6 → xLi+ + xe− + C6	Li1-xMn2O4 + xLi+ + xe- → LiMn2O4	C6 + LiMn2O4 ⟷ LixC6 + Li1−xMn2O4
NCA	Graphite	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium spinal	Ethylene Carbonate	Polyolefin	LiC6 → xLi+ + xe− + C6	Li1−xNiCoAlO2 + xLi+ + xe−→ LiNiCoAlO2	C6 + LiNiCoAlO2 ⟷ LixC6 + Li1−xNiCoAlO2
NMC	Graphite	Nickel Manganese Cobalt	Lithium Salt	Polyolefin	LiC6 → xLi+ + xe− + C6	Li1−xNiMnCoO2 + xLi+ + xe−→ LiNiMnCoO2	C6 + LiNiMnCoO2 ⟷ LixC6 + Li1−xNiMnCoO2
LFP	Graphite	Phosphate	Ethylene Carbonate	Polyolefin	LiC6 → xLi+ + xe− + C6	LiFe(III)PO4 + xLi+ + xe−→ LiFe(II)PO4 FePO4 + Li+ + e− → LiFePO4	C6 + LiFePo4 ⟷ LixC6 + Li1−xFePo4
LTO	lithium titanate	lithium manganese oxide or NMC	Lithium Salt	Polyolefin	LiTiO2 → xLi+ + xe− + TiO2	Li1-xMn2O4 + xLi+ + xe- → LiMn2O4	TiO2 + LiMn2O4 ⟷ LixTiO2 + Li1−xMn2O4