Aim: To represent the materials and chemical reactions for the types of lithium ion cells, and compare the differemces between the lithium ion batteries based on their characters.

Objective of the project:

1. Prepare the table containing materials and chemical reactions of the lithium ion cells.
2. Explain the reactions in details.
3. Compare the differences between the lithium ion batteries.

Body of the content:

The cell materials cathode, anode and the redox reactions are tabulated in the below table:

CELL	MATERIALS		REACTIONS (Charge `harr` Discharge)
	CATHODE	ANODE	CATHODE	ANODE	Overall
Lithium Cobalt Battery (LCO)- 1991	LiCoO2 (60% COBALT)	GRAPHITE	`CoO_2 + Li^+ + e^- . → LiCoO_2`	`LiC_6 → C_6 + Li^+ + e^-`	LiC6 + CoO2 ⇄ C6 + LiCoO2
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)-1996	LiMn2O4	GRAPHITE	`Li_m−n Mn_2O_4 + nLi^+ + n e^− harr Li_mMn_2O_4`	`Li_nC_6 harr nLi^+ + n e^−`	`Li_nC_6 + Li_m − nMn_2O_4 harr Li_0C_6 + Li_mM_(2n) O_4`
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)-1999	LiNiCoAlO2 (9% Cobalt)	GRAPHITE	`Li_(m − n)(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O_2 + nLi^+ + n e^− harr Li_m(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O_2`	`Li_nC_6 harr Li_0C_6 + nLi^+ + n e^−`	`Li_nC_6 + Li_(m − n)(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O_2 harr Li_0C_6 + Li_m(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O_2`
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)-2008	LiNiMnCoO2	GRAPHITE	`Li_(m − n)(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2 + nLi^+ + n e^− harr Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2`	`Li_nC_6 harr Li_0C_6 + nLi^+ + n e^−`	`Li_nC_6 + Li_(m − n)(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2 harr Li_0C_6 + Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2`
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)-1996	LiFePO4	GRAPHITE	`LiFe(III)PO_4+xLi^++xe^−→LiFe(II)PO_4` `FePO_4+Li^++e^−→LiFePO_4`	`LiC_6→Li^++e^−+C_6`	`Li_nC_6 + Li_(m − n)FePO_4 harr Li_0C_6 + Li_mFePO_4`
Lithium Titanate (LTO) -2008	Lithium Manganese Oxide or NMC	Li2TiO3	`4Li_(1-x)MnO_4 + 4Li^+ +4 (e^-) harr 4LiMn_2 O_4`	`Li_4 Ti_5O_(12) harr Ti_5O_(12) + 4Li^+ + 4e^-`	`Li_4Ti_5O_12 + 4Mn_2O_4 harr 4LiMn_2O_4+Ti_5O_12`

There are four main components of a electric cell:

Anode:

1. Anode is always the negative electrode which undergoes oxidation.
2. Releases the electron while discharging.

Cathode:

1. The cathode is the positive terminal in a cell.
2. It absorbs the electrons.

Seperator:

1. It is the permiable membrane between the cathode and anode.
2. It ia permiable to ions.

Electrolyte:

1. Electrolyte ios the medium that allows the transportation of the ions.
2. The electrlyte is conductive for the ions.
3. Non conductive for the electrons.

Explanation:

1. Lithium Cobalt Battery (LCO):
   1. Cathode is LiCoO2.
   2. Anode is Graphite.
   3. Reaction at cathode:
      1. `CoO_2 + Li^+ + e^- . → LiCoO_2`
   4. Reaction at anode:
      1. `LiC_6 → C_6 + Li^+ + e^-`
   5. Overall redox reaction:
      1. LiC₆ + CoO₂ ⇄ C₆ + LiCoO₂
2. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO):
   1. Cathode is LiMn2O4.
   2. Anode is graphite.
   3. Reaction at cathode:
      1. `Li_m−n Mn_2O_4 + nLi^+ + n e^− harr Li_mMn_2O_4`
   4. Reaction at anode:
      1. `Li_nC_6 harr nLi^+ + n e^−`
   5. Overall redox reaction:
      1. `Li_nC_6 + Li_m − nMn_2O_4 harr Li_0C_6 + Li_mM_(2n) O_4`
3. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA):
   1. Cathode is LiNiCoAlO2.
   2. Anode is graphite.
   3. Reaction at cathode:
      1. `Li_nC_6 + Li_m − nMn_2O_4 harr Li_0C_6 + Li_mM_(2n) O_4`
   4. Reaction at anode:
      1. `Li_nC_6 harr Li_0C_6 + nLi^+ + n e^−`
   5. Overall redox reaction:
      1. `Li_nC_6 + Li_(m − n)(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O_2 harr Li_0C_6 + Li_m(Ni_xCo_yAl_z)O_2`
4. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC):
   1. Cathode is LiNiMnCoO2
   2. Anode is graphite.
   3. Reaction at cathode:
      1. `Li_(m − n)(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2 + nLi^+ + n e^− harr Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2`
   4. Reaction at anode:
      1. `Li_nC_6 harr Li_0C_6 + nLi^+ + n e^−`
   5. Overall redox reaction:
      1. `Li_nC_6 + Li_(m − n)(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2 harr Li_0C_6 + Li_m(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O_2`
5. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP):
   1. Cathode is LiFePO4.
   2. Anode is graphite.
   3. Reaction at cathode:
      1. `LiFe(III)PO_4+xLi^++xe^−→LiFe(II)PO_4`
   4. Reaction at anode:
      1. `LiC_6→Li^++e^−+C_6`
   5. Overall redox reaction:
      1. `Li_nC_6 + Li_(m − n)FePO_4 harr Li_0C_6 + Li_mFePO_4`
6. Lithium Titanate (LTO):
   1. Cathode is Lithium Manganese Oxide or NMC.
   2. Anode is graphite.
   3. Reaction at cathode:
      1. `4Li_(1-x)MnO_4 + 4Li^+ +4 (e^-) harr 4LiMn_2 O_4`
   4. Reaction at anode:
      1. `Li_4 Ti_5O_(12) harr Ti_5O_(12) + 4Li^+ + 4e^-`
   5. Overall redox reaction:
      1. `Li_4Ti_5O_12 + 4Mn_2O_4 harr 4LiMn_2O_4+Ti_5O_12`

Advantages of the lithium ion batteries:

1. Have high energy density.
2. Rechargable.
3. No memory effect, so no need to discharge completly before charging.
4. Has longer life cycle.
5. Self discharge is low.
6. Shelf life is more.

Disadvnantages of lithium ion battery:

1. Can explode under accidental conditions.
2. Not suitable for very high temperatures.
3. Lithium ions cells are expensive.
4. Works for only 5-8 years after manufacturing.
5. Environmental impact if not recycled or disposed properly.

2. Difference between the Lithium ion batteries based on the characteristics are mentioned below:

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO):

1. Voltages - 3.6V nominal (3-4.2V/cell)
2. Specific energy - 150-200 Wh/kg
3. C-Rate (Charge/Discharge) - 0.7-1C/1C
4. Cycle life - 500 - 1000
5. Thermal runaway - 150 C
6. Applications - Tablets, Cameras, Laptops, Mobile.

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO):

1. Voltages - 3.7V (3-4.2V/cell)
2. Specific energy - 100-150 Wh/kg
3. C-Rate (Charge/Discharge) - 0.7 -1C / 1C
4. Cycle life - 300 - 700
5. Thermal runaway - 250 C
6. Applications - Medical devices, Electric power trains.

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC):

1. Voltages - 3.6-3.7V (3-4.2V)
2. Specific energy - 150-220 Wh/kg.
3. C-Rate (Charge/Discharge) - 0.7
4. Cycle life - 1000-2000
5. Thermal runaway - 210 C
6. Applications - Medical devices, EVs, E-bikes.
7. Remarks - High specific energy, lower selk heating rate.

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP):

1. Voltages - 3.2 - 3.3V nominal (2.5- 3.65V cell)
2. Specific energy - 90-120 Wh/kg
3. C-Rate (Charge/Discharge) - 1C / 1C
4. Cycle life - 2000
5. Thermal runaway - 270 C
6. Applications - Stationary applications with high load capacity.
7. Remarks - Flat discharge voltage, high power, low capacity, safe.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA):

1. Voltages - 3.6V nominal (3-4.2V/cell)
2. Specific energy - 200 - 260 Wh/kg.
3. C-Rate (Charge/Discharge) - 0.7C / 1C.
4. Cycle life - 500
5. Thermal runaway - 150 C.
6. Applications - Medical devices, Electric powertrain.
7. Remarks: Wide temperature range, safe and expensive.

Lithium Titanate (LTO):

1. Voltages - 2.4V nominal (1.8-2.85V/cell)
2. Specific energy - 50 - 80 Wh/kg.
3. C-Rate (Charge/Discharge) - 1C/10C.
4. Cycle life - 3000 - 7000
5. Thermal runaway - Highly safe.
6. Applications - High capacity with moderate power.

The figure below shows the spider web of the Properties of different Lithium ion cells:

• 

The tabular column shows the comprehensive difference in properties for the lithium ion batteries:

• 

Results:

1. The materials and reactions of the lithium ion cells are explained.
2. The differences between the lithium ion batteries are explained.

Conclusions:

1. The table is prepared for the materials and the reactions occuring in the different lithium ion cells and the detailed explanation is given.
2. The differences between the lithium ion batteries are compared.

References:

1. Front-matter,
   Editor(s): Jürgen Garche, Klaus Brandt,
   Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications,
   Elsevier,
   2019,
   Pages i-iii,
   ISBN 9780444637772,
   https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63777-2.00013-X
   (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044463777200013X)
2. Saldaña, Gaizka, José I. San Martín, Inmaculada Zamora, Francisco J. Asensio, and Oier Oñederra. 2019. "Analysis of the Current Electric Battery Models for Electric Vehicle Simulation" Energies 12, no. 14: 2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142750