Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
1.A table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells,
|
Li-ion Battery type |
Anode material |
Cathode material |
Separator |
Electrolyte |
Overall reaction |
|
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) |
Graphite |
Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) |
Polyolefin |
Ethylene Carbonate |
LiC6 → Li+ + e¯ + Co CoO2 + Li+ + e¯ → LiCO2 LiC6 + CoO2 → C6 + LiCoO2 |
|
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) |
Graphite |
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn204) |
Polyolefin |
Methyl Carbonate + Li salt |
LiC6 → Li+ + e¯ + C6 Mn204 + Li+ + e¯ → LiMn204 LiC6 + Mn204 → C6 + LiMn204 |
|
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) |
Graphite |
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) |
Polyolefin |
Methyl Carbonate + Li salt |
LiC6 → Li+ + e¯ + C6 NiMnCoO2 + Li+ + e¯ → LiNiMnCo2 LiC6 + NiMnCo2 → C6 + LiNiMnCO2 |
|
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
Graphite |
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) |
Polyolefin |
Propylene Carbonate + Li salt |
LiC6 → Li+ + e¯ + C6 FePO4 + Li+ + e¯ → LiFePO4 LiC6 + FePO4 → C6 + LiFePO4 |
|
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) |
Graphite |
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) |
Polyolefin |
Propylene Carbonate + Li salt |
LiC6 → Li+ + e¯ + C6 NiCoAlO2 + Li+ + e¯ → LiNiCoAlO2 LiC6 + NiCoAlO2 → C6 + LiNiCoAlO2 |
|
Lithium Titanate (LTO) |
Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) |
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn204) |
Polyolefin |
Propylene Carbonate + Li salt |
LIzTiO3 → TiO3 + 2Li+ + 2e Mn204 + 2Li* + 2e¯ → LiMn204 LiTiO3 + 2Mn204 → 2LiMn204 + TiO3 |
2.Comparison of each type of Li-Ion Batteries based on their characteristics,
|
Li-ion Battery type |
Voltage |
Cost |
Specific Energy |
Charge/Discharge rate |
Thermal Runaway |
Life Cycle |
|
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) |
Nominal Voltage = 3.60V Typical Operating Range = 3.0 – 4.2V per cell |
Relatively Expensive |
150 – 200 Wh/kg |
Charge rate = 0.7 – 1C Discharge rate = 1C |
150 ℃ |
500 – 1000 Cycles |
|
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) |
Nominal Voltage = 3.70 – 3.80V Typical Operating Range = 3.0 – 4.2V per cell |
Relatively Expensive |
100 – 150 Wh/kg |
Charge rate = 0.7 – 1C Discharge rate =1C |
250 ℃ |
300 – 700 cycles |
|
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) |
Nominal Voltage = 3.60 – 3.70V Typical Operating Range = 3.0 – 4.0V per cell |
$420 per kWh |
150 – 220 Wh/kg |
Charge rate = 0.7 – 1C Discharge rate =1 – 2C |
210 ℃ |
1000 – 2000 cycles |
|
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
Nominal Voltage =3.20 – 3.30V Typical Operating Range = 2.5 – 3.65V per cell |
$580 per kWh |
90 – 120 wh/kg |
Charge rate = 0.7C Discharge rate = 1C |
270 ℃ |
>= 2000 cycles |
|
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) |
Nominal Voltage = 3.60V Typical Operating Range = 3.0 – 4.2V per cell |
$350 per kWh |
200 – 260 Wh/kg |
Charge rate = 0.7C Discharge rate = 1C |
150 ℃ |
500 cycles |
|
Lithium Titanate (LTO) |
Nominal Voltage = 2.40V Typical Operating Range = 1.8 – 2.85V per cell |
$1005 per kWh |
50 – 80 Wh/kg |
Charge rate = 1 – 5C Discharge rate = 10 – 30C |
150 ℃ |
3000 – 7000 cycles |