Challenge

Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

SShetty Kumar7 Jun 2022

EV-BATCH 17

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it.

LCO batteries: properties and usage:

Lithium-ion batteries and concept

The most popular technology of the battery sector currently is the lithium ion battery. Relative to other types of batteries, lithium ion batteries have better energy, power density and higher cycling ability. These qualities are extremely important in the use in modern applications like electrical and hybrid vehicles and most importantly energy storage systems which are used in the renewable energy applications.

The lithium ion batteries chemistry is the same across the different lithium-ion battery types; during discharge, Lithium-ions are moved to the positive cathode from the negative anode through the organic electrolyte. The anodes in all various technologies of lithium ion are all made from graphite. The differences are the cathode which contains changing cobalt, nickel or manganese concentrations. All various cathode types allow high lithium insertion and intercalation levels which result in large energy storage quantities.

LCO batteries technology and applications

sssis LibCoO2 and the carrier is Li+.It is used in various applications ranging from electronic devices to all laptops and phone batteries.The majority of lithium-ion batteries for the portable devices are cobalt based. The system contains a cobalt oxide cathode (positive electrode) and graphite carbon anode (negative electrode).

The main disadvantages of the LCO batteries are:

It has a relatively low discharge current so high load can lead to pack overheat
The safety circuit of the LCO battery is typically limited to a 1C for charging and discharging.
The internal resistance increases with cycling and aging. This high internal resistance can cause the battery to become unserviceable due to a large voltage drop under the load after a couple of years of use.

LMO Batteries: properties and usage

LMO stands for Lithium manganese oxide batteries, which are commonly referred to as lithium-ion manganese batteries or manganese spinel.

Lithium-ion batteries and concept

The most popular technology of the battery sector currently is the of the lithium ion battery. Relative to other types of batteries, lithium ion batteries have better energy, power density and higher cycling ability. These qualities are extremely important in the use in modern applications like electrical and hybrid vehicles and most importantly energy storage systems which are used in the renewable energy applications.

The lithium ion batteries chemistry is the same across the different lithium-ion battery types; during discharge, Lithium-ions are moved to the positive cathode from the negative anode through the organic electrolyte. The anodes in all various technologies of lithium ion are all made from graphite. The differences are the cathode which contains changing cobalt, nickel or manganese concentrations. All various cathode types allow high lithium insertion and intercalation levels which result in large energy storage quantities.

LMO batteries technology and applications

LMO (Lithium magnesium oxide) was invented in the year 1996. Its anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibMn2O4 and the carrier is Li+. It is used in different applications like power tools and electric cars.LMO batteries have the ability to deliver a lot of energy in a short period of time, which makes them extremely useful for use in power tools like drills.In 1996, lithium manganese oxide was first used as a cathode material. A three dimensional spinel structure was formed by this structure, this improves the flow of ions between the electrodes. The high flow decreases the internal resistance and increases loading capability.LMO batteries are usually used in medical devices and equipment, power tools, electric bikes and more. Because of their thermal resistance and higher safety. LMO batteries can also be used for laptops and electrical cars.

The main advantages of the LMO batteries are:

High temperature stability and safety relative to other Li-ion types as it has integrally high thermal stability thus needs less safety circuitry than cobalt system.
High rate capability due to low internal cell resistance which benefits fast charging and high current discharging.

The main disadvantage of the LMO batteries is:

Lower capacity relative to cobalt-based system,yet it still has an energy density which is nearly 50% higher than the nickel based system

NMC Batteries: properties and usage

NMC stands for Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide battery. (LiNiMnCoO2)The cathode combination of NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt) is among the most successful Li-ion systems. The NMC systems can serve as a Power Cell or an Energy Cell.

Lithium-ion batteries and concept

The most popular technology of the battery sector currently is the lithium ion battery. Relative to other types of batteries, lithium ion batteries have better energy, power density and higher cycling ability. These qualities are extremely important in the use in modern applications like electrical and hybrid vehicles and most importantly energy storage systems which are used in the renewable energy applications.

The lithium ion batteries chemistry is the same across the different lithium-ion battery types; during discharge, Lithium-ions move to the positive cathode from the negative anode through the organic electrolyte. The anodes in all various technologies of lithium ion are all made from graphite. The differences are the cathode which contains changing cobalt, nickel or manganese concentrations. All various cathode types allow high lithium insertion and intercalation levels which result in large energy storage quantities. The name Lithium-ion is after the active materials; it can be either expressed by words or shortened by the chemical symbols.

NMC batteries technology and applications

NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide) battery was invented in the year 2008. Its anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibNi1–x–yCoxMnyO2 and the carrier is Li+. They commonly use it in different applications like Energy Systems and electric cars.NMC combines the best of nickel and manganese. Nickel has high specific energy but poor stability; manganese can form a spinel structure so as to achieve low internal resistance yet provides a low specific energy. Joining the metals increases the strengths from both parts.NMC batteries are widely used for power tools, energy storage systems (EES) which need frequent cycling and electrical power-trains like automotives.

The cathode combination typically used is 1-1-1 which means one third nickel, one third manganese and one third cobalt. This reduces the raw material cost due to lowered content of cobalt. Another known combination for NCM is 5-3-2 (5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt and 2 parts manganese). Other combinations are also possible

Advantages and disadvantages of NMC batteries

The main advantages of the NMC batteries are:

NMC cells provide longer life cycle
- Lower cost
- Higher energy density
- NMC cathodes contain the most energy amount by weight and volume.
The main disadvantages of the NMC batteries are:
- Adding silicon to graphite has the downside of making the anode grow and shrink through charging and discharging, leading to mechanical instability of the cell.
- Slightly lower voltage than cobalt systems

NCA batteries: properties and usage

NCA battery stands for Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based battery (LiNiCoAlO₂). Also, NCA batteries are becoming more and more important in in-grid storage and electrical power terrain applications.

Lithium-ion batteries and concept

The most popular technology of the battery sector currently is the of the lithium ion battery. Relative to other types of batteries, lithium ion batteries have better energy, power density and higher cycling ability. These qualities are extremely important in the use in modern applications like electrical and hybrid vehicles and most importantly energy storage systems which are used in the renewable energy applications.The lithium ion batteries chemistry is the same across the different lithium-ion battery types; during discharge, Lithium-ions move to the positive cathode from the negative anode through the organic electrolyte. The anodes in all various technologies of lithium ion are all made from graphite. The differences are the cathode which contains changing cobalt, nickel or manganese concentrations. All various cathode types allow high lithium insertion and intercalation levels which result in large energy storage quantities.

NCA battery technology and applications

NCA (Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide) battery was invented in the year 1999. Its anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and the carrier is Li+. It is used in different applications like power grid applications, medical devices and electric cars. Most notably Tesla deploys NCA batteries in their electric vehicles system. NCA batteries can store the same amount of energy as NMC.NCA batteries are not widely common in the consumer industry, but are quite promising in the electric car industry. .

The main advantages of the NCA batteries are:

High specific energy
Reasonably good specific power
Long life span
NCA cathodes contain the most energy amount by weight and volume (as NMC).

The main disadvantages of the NCA batteries are:

Less safety than other Li-ion battery types (they require extra safety features and circuits for use in electric cars for example)
Higher cost in comparison to other Li-ion battery types

LFP batteries: properties and usage

LFP batteries stands for Lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO₄) batteries, which is known as li-phosphate batteries as well. They use phosphate as cathode material. In addition, they benefit from the low resistance properties that enhance their thermal stability and safety.

Lithium-ion batteries and concept

The most popular technology of the battery sector currently is of the lithium ion battery. Relative to other types of batteries, lithium ion batteries have better energy, power density and higher cycling ability. These qualities are extremely important in the use in modern applications like electrical and hybrid vehicles and most importantly energy storage systems as in renewable energy applications. The lithium ion batteries chemistry is the same across the different lithium-ion battery types; during discharge, Lithium-ions move to the positive cathode from the negative anode through the organic electrolyte. The anodes in all various technologies of lithium ion are all made from graphite. The differences are the cathode which contains changing cobalt, nickel or manganese concentrations. All various cathode types allow high lithium insertion and intercalation levels which result in large energy storage quantities.

LFP batteries technology and applications

LFP (Lithium iron phosphate) was invented in the year 1996. Its anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibFePO4 and the carrier is Li+. They use LFP batteries in different applications like electric cars, electric buses and electric trucks. The LFP is ideal for use in electric trucks or buses – as volume or weight isn’t really a restriction as is in cars- because the battery is less energy dense yet cheaper to manufacture than other Li-ion batteries types. In addition, they use LFP batteries in other applications like electric motorcycles which need a longer life cycle and increased safety. LFP provides good electrochemical performance with lower resistance. This is enabled by the nano scale phosphate cathode material. The main benefits are long cycle life, higher current rating and thermal stability which means extra safety.

The main advantages of the LFP batteries are:

Durability
Long lifecycle
Low cost
Excellent safety

The main disadvantages of the LFP batteries are:

More tolerant to conditions of full charge and is less stressed at higher voltage for a long time.
lower nominal voltage which reduces the specific energy
Higher self discharge than other types Li-ion batteries, which causes balancing issues with aging

LTO batteries: properties and usage

TO batteries are lithium titanate (Li₂TiO₃) or li-titanate batteries, which is a class of battery that is used in a growing number of applications. They are high power batteries, so they are perfect for use in the fast charging stations..

Lithium-ion batteries and concept

The most popular technology of the battery sector currently is the lithium ion battery. Relative to other types of batteries, lithium ion batteries have better energy, power density and higher cycling ability. These qualities are extremely important in use in modern applications like electrical and hybrid vehicles and most importantly energy storage systems for the renewable energy applications.

The lithium ion batteries chemistry is the same across the different lithium-ion battery types; during discharge, Lithium-ions move to the positive cathode from the negative anode through the organic electrolyte. The anodes in all various technologies of lithium ion are all made from graphite. The differences are the cathode which contains changing cobalt, nickel or manganese concentrations. All various cathode types allow high lithium insertion and intercalation levels which result in large energy storage quantities.

LTO batteries technology and applications

LTO (Lithium tintate) was invented in the year 2008. Its anode material is Li4+aTi5O12, the cathode material is LibFePO4 and the carrier is Li+. They use it in different applications like UPS, electrical power trains, solar powered street lights, fast charge stations and forklifts. Other applications for LTO batteries include aerospace and military uses, and more importantly wind and solar energy storage and smart grids creation.Li-titanate is used instead of the graphite in the anode of a common lithium-ion battery and the material is formed into a spinel structure. The cathode material is either LMO or NMC.As mentioned, they use li-titanate batteries in electric vehicles, yet LTO batteries have lower energy density than other Li-ion battery types, which can be a disadvantage in efficiently powering vehicles. Still, the density of LTO batteries is higher than other non-Li-ion batteries.

Advantages and disadvantages of LTO batteries

The main advantages of the LTO batteries are:

Excellent low temperature discharge characteristics
Zero strain property, no formation of SEI film nor lithium plating when charging at low temperature or fast charging
Long life time
Fast charge capability and wide temperature range
- Among the safest types of Li-ion batteries
The main disadvantages of the LTO batteries are:
- High cost
- Lower inherent voltage or lower energy density

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

characerstics:

Battery energy denity:

New special battery chemistries have strained older naming conventions. Rechargeable NiCd (Nickel Cadmium) and NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) typically output 1.25 V per cell. Some devices may not operate properly with these cells, given the 16% reduction in voltage, but most modern ones handle them well.

Conversely, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries output 3.7 V per cell, 23% higher than a pair of alkaline cells (3 V), which they are often designed to replace. Non-rechargeable lithium-chemistry batteries, which provide exceptionally high energy density, produce about 1.5 V per cell and are thus similar to alkaline batteries