Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

• The Following table shows the materials and chemicals used in various types of Lithium ion cells.
• The datas are obtained from these following links

  • https://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/marcetta/chem362/HW/2017%20Student%20Posters/Lithium%20Ion%20Batteries.pdf

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery/

  • https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/ra/c9ra06686a#!divAbstract

  • https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=2ahUKEwiH_aa73rLpAhVTWH0KHfF3CzMQFjABegQIARAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2075-4701%2F8%2F8%2F565%2Fpdf&usg=AOvVaw34JZkoyJxc0vvnqwJWvhDS

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate

  • https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2017/ra/c7ra10608d

Battery Types	LCO	LMO	NMC	LFP	NCA	LTO
Name	Lithium Cobalt Oxide	Lithium Manganese Oxide	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	Lithium Iron Phosphate	Lithioum Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide	Lithium Titanate
Chemical name/Cathode	LiCoO2	LiMn2O4	LiNiMnCoO2	LiFePO4	LiNiCoAlO2	Li2TiO3
Anode	Graphite	Graphite	Graphite	Graphite	Graphite	Tiltanate (LiMn2O4)
Electrolyte	Ethylene Carbonate	Lithium Halide	Lithium Salt	Ethylene Carbonate	Ethylene Carbonate	Lithum Salt
Separator	Polyolefin	Polyolefin	Polyolefin	Polyolefin	Polyolefin	Polyolefin
Reaction at Anode	LiC6 -> (Li+) +(e-) + C6	LiC6 -> (Li+) +(e-) + C6	LiC6 -> (Li+) +(e-) + C6	LiC6 -> (Li+) +(e-) + C6	LiC6 -> (Li+) + (e-) + C6	Li2TiO3 -> TiO3 + (2Li+) + (2e-)
Reaction at Cathode	CoO2 + (Li+)+(e-) -> LiCoO2	Mn2O4 + (Li+)+(e-) -> LiMn2O4	NiMnCoO2 +(Li+)+(e-) -> LiNiMnCoO2	FePO4 + (Li+)+(e-) -> LiFePo4	NiCoAlO2 +(Li+) + (e-) -> LiNiCoAlO2	Mn2O4 + (2Li+) + (2e-) -> LiMn2O4
Overeall Reaction	LiC6 + CoO2 -> C6 + LiCoO2	LiC6 + MnO4 -> C6 + LiMn2O4	LiC6 + NiMnCoO2 -> C6 + LiNiMnCoO2	LiC6 + FePO4 -> C6 + LiFePo4	LiC6 + NiCoAlO2 -> C6 + LiNiCoAlO2	Li2TiO3 + 2Mn2O4 -> 2LiMn2O4 + TiO3

• Li Battery
  • In a cathode, lithium and oxygen meet to form lithium oxide.
  • When the battery is being charged the Li-ion is pulled out of the cathode and travels to the anode and when the battery is being used (or discharged) the Li-ion returns to the cathode and electricity is produced during this process.
  • Due to the charge-discharge process, Li-ion batteries are reusable and therefore also termed as secondary-cell batteries or rechargeable batteries.
• Cathode
  • Metal Oxide
    • It has highest capacity
    • It has higher cost and poor safety
    • NCA , NMC , LCO are vnot suitable for Ev.
  • Spinels
    
    • High power density.
    • Poor electronic conductor , structural stability (LMO , LTO).
  • Olivines
    • Better safety and long life.
    • Low capacity and Voltage [LiFePO4].
• Anode
  • Carbon based anode (Graphite and hard carbon).
  • Low cost , stable and high specific capacity.
  • When lithiukm plating is reduced It leads to debdritevfoemation and capacity of the battery reduces.
• Electrolyte
  • Ionic conductor that provised the medium foe internal ionic chqarge transfer between the electrodes.
  • Liquid solvents containing dissolved chemicals.
  • Charge transfer is through either acid , base or salt.
  • It uses non aqueous electrolytes.
• Seperator
  • Isolates +ve and -ve electrodes.
  • An ionic conductor but electronic insulator.
  • Prevents from internal short circuiting.
• Current Collectors
  • Electronic conductors with which the electrodes are mixed.
  • Takes no part in cxhemical reaction.
  • Copper foil is used as negative electrode current collector and aluminium foil is used as positive.

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

• In the above question we have discussed about the materials and the chemical composition.
• Here we are going to discuss about the characteristics difference between those batteries.
  • Nominal Voltage
    • It is the voltage at which the device is designed to operated.
    • The rated voltage is higher than nominal volatge to ensure the safet of the device.
  • Life Cycle
    • The charged and discharged from 0 to 100 % at a single time ,It is known as one life cycle of the battery.
    • It is also denoteds the life of the battery.
  • Current rate (C)
    • It denotes the fast charging & short circuit capability of the battery.
  • Thermal Runaway
    • When the haet produced inside the battery is higher than the nominal rate.
    • The internal temperature of the battery will increase continuously.
    • It results in increrasing the battery current.
    • Which resuts in domino effect.
    • Due to the rose of the temperature of the single battery will results in affectin the other batteries as well.
    • This is known as runaway.
  • Specific energy
    • It is the amount of energy stored in per unit mass (Wh/Kg).
    • It determines the energy rating of the battery.
  • 
    • The above represented fig shows the easy understanding of the characteristics of the battery by using (5 point Hexagonal Analysis) or Laymans perpestive.
    • The shaded part indicates the performance of the battery.
    • NCA
      • Specific energy , Specific power & Life cycle scroes high
      • the cost , safety are lower.
    • NMC
      • It scores the balanced performance in all five properties.
    • NTO
      • It scores the average performance
      • The cost is high and it has lower battery life.
    • LiFePO4
      • It is higher cost.
      • High battery life.
      • Low specific energy.
    • LMO
      • It scores average perdformance.
      • Higher battery and sttyle and safer