Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

A lithium-ion battery is a types of rechargeable battery lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portabvle electronices and electric vehicle and are growing in popularity for military and aerospace application.

In the batteries lithium ions moves from the negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge and back when chargimg li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as the material at the positive electrode and graphite at the negative electrode.

electrochemistry

the working principle behind the working of a cell can be explained using electrochemistry. the reactant in the electrochemistry reactions in a lithium ion cell are mayterial of anode both of which are compound containing lithium atoms .

during discharge, an oxidation half reaction at the anode product positively charge lithium ions and negatively charge electrons the oxidation half reaction may also produce uncharge material that reamin at the anode lithium ions move through the electrolyte electron move through the external circuit and then they recombine at the cathode in a readuction half reaction. the electrolyte and external circuit provide conductive media for lithium ion and electron respectively. but do not partake in the electrochemical reaction. during discharge electron flow from the negative electrode (anode). toward the positive electrode (cathode). through the external circuit. the reaction during discharge lower the chemical potential of the cell, so discharge transfer energy from the cell to wherever the electric current dissipates its energy, mostly in the external circuit.

During charging these and transports go in the opposite direction electrons move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through the external cirucuit. to the negative electrode through the external circuit, to the charge the cell the external circuit has to provide electric energy. this energy is themn store as chemical energy in the cell (with some loss,e.g.due to coulombic efficiency lower than 1).

Both electrodes allow lithium ions to move in and out of their structure with a process called insertion (intercalation) or extraction (deintercalation), respectivel.

Electrolyte

An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conductiong solution when dissolved in a polar solvant, such as water. the dissolived electrolyte separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through the solvent. electrically such a solution in neutral.

Liquid electrolytes

Liquid electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries consist of lithium salts, such as LiPF_6_LIBF_4 or LICIO_4 in an organic solvent, such as ethylene carrbonate, dimethyle carbonate and diethyl carbonate a liquid electrode acts as a conductive pathway from the movement of cations passing from the negative to the positive electrode during discharge. conductivaities of liquid electrolyte at the room temperature (20degree C (68degree F)) are in the range of 10ms/cm, increasing by approximately 30-40% at 40degree C (104degree F ) and decreasing slightly at 0degree C (32degree F).

the carbonate (EC) and dimethyle carbonate (DMC) offers high conductivity and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)- forming ability.

Sloid electrolytes

The advanced battery techonology involving using the solid as the electrolyte material the most promissing of these are caramics solid ceramics electrolyte are mostly lithium metal oxides which allows lithium- ion transport through the solid more readily due to the interinsic lithium the main benefit of soild electrolyte is that there is no risk of leaks, which is a series safely issue for batteries which liquid electrolyte solid ceramics solid electrolyte can be further broken down into two main categories, ceramic and glassy.

Both glassy and ceramic electrolyte can be made more ionically conductively by substituting sulfer for oxigen. the larger readius of sulfer and it higher ability of ploarized allow higher conducitivety of lithium. this contributes to the conductivety of solid electrolyte that are negative parity with their liquid counterpart, with mos on the order of 0.1 ms/cm (ms/cm=millisiemens per centimeter) and best at 10 ms/cm.

Lithium cobalt oxide

lithium cobalt oxide : licoo2 cathode (-60%co), graphite anode

short from: LCO or Li-cobalt.

since 1991

voltage

3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0 - 4.2v/ cell

Specific energy (capacity)

150-200wh/kg. spcific cells provide up to 240eh/kg.

charge

0.7-1C, charge to 4.20V (moost cells); 3h charge typical. chjarge current above 1C shortens batttery life

Discharge (C-rate)

1C; 2.50V cut off. discharge current above 1C shortens battery life.

Cycle life

500-1000, related to depth of discharge load temperatutre

thermal runaway

150degree C (302degree F). full charge promotes thermal runaway

Applications

Mobile phone, tablets, laptops, cameras

2019 update:

very high specific energy, limited specific power. cobalt is expensive serves as energy cell. market share has stabilized.

early version; no longer relevant.

Lithium manganese oxide: Limn2o4 cathode graphite anode

shortfrom: LMo or manganese (spinal structure)

since 1996

voltages

3.70V (3.80V) nominal;typical opertaing range 3.0-4.2v/cell

Specific energy ( capacity)

100-150wh/kg

charge (c-rate)

0.7;10c possible with some cells, 30c pulse (5s), 2.50v cut-off

cycle life

300-700 (related to the depth of discharge,temperature)

Thermal runaway

250degree C (482degree F) typical high charge promotes thermal runaway

applications

power tools, medical devices, electric powertarins

comments

2019 update:

High power but less capacity; safer than li-cobalt;commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance.

Less relevant now; limited growth potential

Lithium NIkel Manganese cobalt oxide linimncoo2

Lithium Iron Phosphate; LiFePO4 cathode graphite anode

short from: LFP or Li-phosphate

since 1996

Voltage

3.20, 3.30V noraml : operating range 2.5 - 3.65V/ cell

Specific energy ( capacity)

90 - 120wh/kg

Charge ( C-rate)

IC typical charge to 3.65V; 3h charge time typical

Discharge (C-rate)

IC 25c on some cells; 40A pulse (2s); 2.50V cut-off (lower than 2V causes damage)

cycle life

2000 and higher (related to the depth of discharge, temperature )

Thermal rumnway 270deegree C (518degree F) very safe battery even if fully charged

Cost

$580 pper KWh ( source : RWTH, aachen)

Applications

protable and stationary needing high load current and endurance

comments

2019 up[date:

very flat voltage discharge curve but low capacity one of the safest li-ions used for special markets elevated self discharge.

used primarily for energy storage moderate growth

Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide ( linicoalo2)

lithium nikel cobalt aluminum oxide linicoalo2 cathode (9% co), grapgite anode short from NCA or Li-aluminum

since 1999

voltage

3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0-4.2v/cell

specific energyu (capacity)

200 - 260 wh/kg; 300wh/kg predicatable

charge (c-rate)

0.7c charge to 4.20v (most cells), 3h charge typical,fast charge possible with some cells

discharge (c_rate)

IC typical; 3.000v cut-off;high discharge rate shortens battery life

cycle life

500 (related to the depth of discharge, temperature)

thermal runaway

150degreeC (302degreeF) typical, high charge promotes thermnal runaways

cost

$350 per KWh (source; RWTH, Aachen)

Applications

Medical device , industrial, electric powertrain (tesla)

comments

2019 update:

shares similarities with li-cobalt, serves as energy cell mainly used by panasonic and tesla; growth potentail

Lithium Titanate ( li2tio3)

Lithium titanate : cathode can be lithium managanese oxide or NMC Li2Tio3 ( titanate) anode

short from: LTO or Li-titanate

available since about 2008

Voltages

2.40V nominal, typical operating reange 1.8-2.85v/cell

specific energy (capacity)

50 - 80wh/kg

charge (c-rate)

IC typical; 5c maximum, charges to 2.85v

discharge (c-rate)

10c possible, 30c 5s pulse; 1.80v cut-off on LCO/LTO

cycle life 3,000 - 7,000

thermal reuaway

one of the safest Li-ion batteries

Cost

$150 per kwh ( source:RWTH, Aachen)

application

UPS, electric powertrain ( mitsubishi i miEV, Honda Fit EV),, solar -powered street lighting

comments

2019 update

Long life , fast charge , wide temperature range but low speciofic energy, and expensive, among safest Li-ion batteries

ability to ultra - fast charge ; high - cost limits to a special application

ans 2.

1. Lithium cobalt oxide

also known as lithium cobalate or lithium-ion cobalt batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries are made from lithium carbonate and cobalt. due to their very high specific energy these abtteries are used fopr cell phone, laptop, and electronic camera.

2. Lithium manganese oxide

Lithium manganrese oxide batteries are also commonly called lithium manganate or lithium-ion manganese batteries and are something referred to as li-manganese or manganses spinel. the technology for this types of batteries was discovered in the 1980s, with the first publication on the subject appearing in the mayterial recharse bulletin in 1983 the first commonly lithium - ion cell made with lithium manganese oxdie as a cathode were produce in 1996 by moli energy.

3. Lithium iron phosphate

Lithium iron phosphate batteries also as li-phosphate batteries use phosphate asa acathode they benefit from low resistance properties which enhace their safety and thermal stability.

4. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide

also known as lithium manganese cobalt oxide or NMC batteries , lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries are made of s3everal material common in lithium ion batteries types they include a cathode mafde a combianteion of nickal mangese and cobalt.

5.Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide

Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide batteries are also called NCA batteries and are because incereaing important in electric powertrain na din grid storeage NCA batteries are not common in the consumer industries but are promising for the automotive indutry NCA battery provide a high energy option with a good lifespace but they are not as safe as they could be compare to other lithium ion battery types are quit costly

6. Lithium titanate

Lithium titanate, also known as li-titanate is a class of battery that allows for ever-increasing application the main advantge of li-titanate battery is its reamaekably fast rechage time, thanks to its advanced nanotechnology, write battery space.

Which lithium ion battery is best?

Lithium-ion battery come in a range of typs and have a varify of used that means some current lithium-ion batteries suitaed to particular application atht other are. the most important thing is to chopose the battery best suited to the task at hand.

it also worth nothing that tthe lithium ion battery industries is constantly changing companies ans scientists around the world are creating new battery to either work alongside lithuim-ion battery or supply them. as these new batteries develop, it will be important to watch which come to the fore.