Challenge

Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

MMohammed Anas P14 Jan 2022

TYPE OF LITHIUM ION CELLS	MATERIALS	CHEMICAL REACTION AT ANODE	CHEMICAL REACTION AT CATHODE
LCO	anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibCoO2 and the carrier is Li+	The reaction at the anode is oxidation	at the cathode is reduction
LMO	cathode material made from lithium manganese	LiMn2O4 or LMO	deeply discharged Li_xMn₂O₄ electrodes,
NCA	Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminimum oxide (NCA) is used as the cathode	The reactants in the electrochemical reactions in a lithium-ion cell are materials of anode	both of which are compounds containing lithium atoms. During discharge, an oxidation half-reaction at the anode produces positively charged lithium ions and negatively charged electrons
NMC	33% nickel, 33% manganese and 33% cobalt.	During discharge, an oxidation half-reaction at the anode produces positively charged lithium ions and negatively charged electrons. ... During discharge, electrons flow from the negative electrode	towards the positive electrode (cathode) through the external circuit.
LFP	NMC powder NCA powder LNMO powder LMO, LFP, LCO powder.	When the battery discharges, the intercalated lithium ions are released from the anode	then travel through the electrolyte solution to be absorbed (intercalated) in the cathode
LTP	carbon graphite as an anode, lithium cobalt as a cathode and electrolyte which is still in the form of liquid or gel.	Lithium ion batteries work by using the transfer of lithium ions and electrons from the anode to the cathode. At the anode, neutral lithium is oxidized and converted to Li+. . This results in the reduction of Co(IV) to Co(III) when the electrons from the anode reaction are received at the cathode	Cathode materials are comprised of cobalt, nickel and manganese in the crystal structure forming a multi-metal oxide material to which lithium is added. This family of batteries includes a variety of products that cater to different user needs for high energy density and/or high load capacity.

Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

Lithium-ion battery Types	SP	SE	SF	LS	CS	PF
Lithium Cobalt Oxide	L	H	L	L	L	M
Lithium Manganese Oxide	M	M	M	L	L	L
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	M	H	M	M	L	M
Lithium Iron Phosphate	H	L	H	H	L	M
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide	M	H	L	M	M	M
Lithium Titanate	M	L	H	H	H	H

SP stands for specific power
SE stands for specific energy
SF stands for safety
LS stands for lifespan
CS stands for cost
PF stands for performance
L stands for low
M stands for moderate
H stands for high

Lithium Cobalt Oxide has high specific energy as compared to the other batteries which make it the preferred choice for laptops and mobile phones. It also has a low cost and a moderate performance. However, it is highly unfavorable in all the other aspects when compared to the other lithium-ion batteries. It has low specific power, low safety, and a low lifespan.

Lithium Manganese Oxide has moderate specific power, moderate specific energy, and a moderate level of safety when compared to the other types of lithium-ion batteries. It has the added advantage of a low cost. The downsides are its low performance and low lifespan. It is usually used in medical devices and power tools.

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide has two major advantages as compared to the other batteries. The first one is its high specific energy which makes it desirable in electric powertrains, electric vehicles, and electric bikes. The other is its low cost. It is moderate in terms of specific power, safety, lifespan, and performance when compared to the other lithium-ion batteries. It can be optimized to either have high specific power or high specific energy.

Lithium Iron Phosphate only has one major disadvantage when compared to other types of lithium-ion batteries and that is its low specific energy. Other than that, it has moderate to high ratings in all the other characteristics. It has high specific power, offers a high level of safety, has a high lifespan, and comes at a low cost. The performance of this battery is also moderate. It is often employed in electric motorcycles and other applications that require a long lifespan and a high level of safety.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide offers one strong advantage as compared to the five other batteries and that is high specific energy. It is pretty moderate in the rest of the characteristics like performance, cost, specific power, and lifespan. The only downside to this battery type is its low level of safety. Its high specific energy and moderate lifespan make it a good candidate for electric powertrains.

Lithium Titanate offers high safety, high performance, and a high lifespan which are very important features every battery should have. Its specific energy is low compared to the five other lithium-ion batteries but it compensates for this with moderate specific power. The only major disadvantage of lithium titanate as compared to the other lithium-ion batteries is its extremely high cost. Another important feature of this battery worthy of mention is its remarkably fast recharge time. It can be used for storing solar energy and creating smart grids.

Lithium-ion batteries are used in most aspects of our everyday lives. Most devices like smartphones and laptops cannot operate without these batteries. Lithium-ion batteries have also become very important in the field of electromobility as it is now the battery of choice in most electric vehicles. Its high specific energy gives it an advantage over other batteries.

There are different types of lithium-ion batteries and the main difference between them lies in their cathode materials. Different kinds of lithium-ion batteries offer different features, with trade-offs between specific power, specific energy, safety, lifespan, cost, and performance.

The six lithium-ion battery types that we will be comparing are Lithium Cobalt Oxide, Lithium Manganese Oxide, Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide, Lithium Iron Phosphate, Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide, and Lithium Titanate. Firstly, an understanding of the key terms below will allow for a simpler and easier comparison.

Specific energy: This defines the battery capacity in weight (Wh/kg). The capacity relates to the runtime. Products requiring long runtimes at moderate load are optimized for high specific energy.

Specific power: It's the ability to deliver a high current and indicates loading capability. Batteries for power tools are made for high specific power and come with a reduced specific energy.

A high specific power usually comes with reduced specific energy and vice versa. The pouring of bottled water in a glass is a perfect analogy of the relationship between specific power and specific energy. The water in the bottle can be thought of as specific energy. Pouring the water at a slow rate doesn’t provide enough force (low specific power) but the water lasts longer in the bottle (high specific energy). On the other hand, if we pour the water out at a faster rate it provides a greater impact (high specific power). However, the water wouldn’t last very long in the bottle ( low specific energy).

Performance: This measures how well the battery works over a wide range of temperatures. Most batteries are sensitive to heat and cold and require climate control. Heat reduces life, and cold lowers performance temporarily.

Lifespan: This reflects cycle life and longevity and is related to factors such as temperature, depth of discharge, and load. Hot climates accelerate capacity loss. Cobalt blended lithium-ion batteries also usually have a graphite anode that limits the cycle life.

Safety: This relates to factors such as the thermal stability of the materials used in the batteries. The materials should have the ability to sustain high temperatures before becoming unstable. Instability can lead to thermal runaway in which flaming gases are vented. Fully charging the battery and keeping it beyond the designated age reduces safety.

Cost: Demand for electric vehicles has generally been lower than anticipated and this is mainly due to the cost of lithium-ion batteries. Hence cost is a huge factor when selecting the type of lithium-ion battery.

Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

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in your own course.