Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

 1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and

  cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

 Solution:

 

 “A battery is a device that is able to store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, and convert that energy into electricity”.

   Chemical reactions occurring at the anode and

   cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells:

  

 

• Working of LCO:(Lithium cobalt battery).

    During discharge, lithium is oxidized from Li to Li+ (0 to +1 oxidation state) in the lithium-graphite anode through the following reaction:

     C6Li → 6 C(graphite) + Li+ + e-

 

     These lithium ions migrate through the electrolyte medium to the cathode, where they are incorporated into lithium cobalt oxide through

    the following reaction, which reduces cobalt from a +4 to a +3 oxidation state :

     Li1-xCoO2(s) + x Li+ + x e- → LiCoO2(s)

Characteristics:

 

•  LMO working:

    The layered manganese oxide Li2MnO2 is structurally related to Li2MnO3 and LiCoO2 with similar transition metal oxide layers separated

    by a layer containing two lithium cations occupying the available two tetrahedral sites in the lattice  rather the one octahedral site.

    The material is typically made by low voltage lithiation of the parent compound, direct lithiation using liquid ammonia, or via use of an organic

    lithiating reagent. Stability on cycling has been demonstrated in  symmetric cells although due to Mn(II) formation and dissolution cycling 

   degradation is expected. Stabilization of the structure using dopants and  substitutions to decrease the amount of reduced manganese cations has been a 

   successful route to extending the cycle life of these lithium rich reduced phases. 

    These layered manganese oxide layers are so rich in lithium. 

Characteristics:

 

•  Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum Oxide (NCA) is used as the cathode material for lithium ion batteries, and is mainly used in electric automobiles.

                   The battery industry calls this an “NCA battery” and they've been around—and made by Panasonic—for many years.

                   Typically, lithium-ion NCA batteries use a combination of 80% nickel, 15% cobalt and 5% aluminum.

Characteristics:

•  Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide

         (LiNiMnCoO2), abbreviated as NMC, has become the go-to cathode powder to develop

         batteries for power tools, e-bikes and other electric powertrains. ... While NMC powder can refer to a variety of blends, the formula

         typically consists of 33% nickel, 33% manganese and 33% cobalt.

Characteristics:

•   LFP --  Lithium iron phosphate batteries (LiFePO4 or LFP):

                A lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that is capable of charging and discharging

               at high speeds compared to other types of batteries. It is a rechargeable battery consisting of LiFePO4 as its cathode material;

               hence the name. Lithium iron phosphate batteries have several distinctive features, including:

• Better power density
• Low discharge rate
• Flat discharge curve
• Less heating
• Higher number of charge cycles
• Increased safety

 Characteristics:

  

  LTI Batteries:

              LTO batteries are lithium titanate (Li2TiO3)  or li-titanate batteries, which is a class of battery that is used in a growing number

              of applications. They are high power batteries, so they are perfect for use in the fast charging stations.

  Advantages and disadvantages of LTO batteries

Characteristics:

     The main advantages of the LTO batteries are:

• Excellent low temperature discharge characteristics
• Zero strain property, no formation of SEI film nor lithium plating when charging at low temperature or fast charging
• Long life time
• Fast charge capability and wide temperature range
• Among the safest types of Li-ion batteries

    The main disadvantages of the LTO batteries are:

• High cost
• Lower inherent voltage or lower energy density

	LCO Lithium cobalt oxide	LMO Lithium manganese oxide	NMC Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	LFP Lithium Iron Phosphate	NCA Lithium Nickel Cobalt Alumunium Oxide	LTO Lithium Titanium Oxide
CHEMICAL FORMULA	LiCoO2	LiMn2O2	LiNiMnCoO2	LiFePO4	LiNiCoAlO2	Li2TiO3
Anode Material	Graphite Carbon	Graphite Carbon	Graphite Carbon	Graphite Carbon	Graphite Carbon	Lithium Titanium Oxide
Cathode Material	Lithium Cobalt oxide	Lithium Manganese Oxide	Lithium Manganese Cobalt Oxide	Lithium Iron Phosphate	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Alumunium Oxide	Lithium Manganese Oxide
Electrolyte	Lithium salt in an organic solvent	Lithium halide dissolved in an organic solvent	Lithium salt in an organic solvent	Lithium salt in an organic solvent	Lithium salt in an organic solvent	Lithium salt in an organic solvent
Nominal voltage	3.6 V	3.7 - 3.8 V	3.6 - 3.7 V	3.2 - 3.3 V	3.6 V	2.4 V
Typical Operating voltage range per cell	3 - 4.2 V	3 - 4.2 V	3 - 4.2 V	2.5 - 3.65 V	3 - 4.2 V	1.8 - 2.85 V
Cost	Expensive	Expensive	$ 420 per KWh	$ 580 per KWh	$ 350 per KWh	$ 1005 per KWh
Application	Mobile Phones, tablets, Laptops, cameras	Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains	medical devices, E-Bikes, EV's , industrial tools	Aviation Products, Power tools, Automotive Hybrid systems, PHEV conversions	Industrial Tools, medical devices, EV's	UPS, Electric Powertrain