Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Lithium cobalt oxide :

1. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2₂) batteries are made from lithium carbonate and cobalt and feature very stable capacities along with high-specific energy, making them a popular choice for use with mobile devices such as smartphones, laptops, and digital cameras.
2. Internally, they are composed of a cobalt oxide cathode and a carbon graphite anode. During discharge, lithium ions travel from anode to cathode, and the process reverses during the recharging cycle. These batteries do have some drawbacks, including a relatively short life cycle, low thermal stability, and smaller load capabilities—meaning they need frequent recharging.

Lithium Manganese Oxide :

1. Lithium manganese oxide batteries actually come in two versions- one with a spinel structure (LiMn₂O₄), which features a cathode 3D framework for the insertion and desertion of Li-ions during the charge and discharge cycle of the battery. The other comes in layered rock-salt structure (Li₂MnO₃) with alternating layers of lithium-ions and lithium/manganese ions on the cathode.
2. Both offer fast charging and high-current discharging with increased thermal stability over cobalt oxide batteries and provide enhanced safety as a result, making them ideal for medical devices, electric vehicles, and power tools.

Lithium Nickel Manganese cobalt oxide :

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries are made using several different elements commonly found in other Li-ion batteries and use a combination of nickel, manganese, and cobalt for the cathode. While the exact material ratios vary by manufacturer, the common combinations are usually 60% nickel, 20% manganese, and 20% cobalt.Like the other types, these batteries can have either high-specific energy or high-specific power (not both), but the inclusion of nickel provides the cell with the high-specific energy, although it also has reduced stability.

Manganese, on the other hand, provides low internal resistance but has the drawback of low specific energy. Combining the two, however, enhances each other’s strengths, making them suitable for EV powertrains and cordless power tools.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide :

Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide batteries are not conventional in the consumer industry but have promise for EV manufacturers (and other specialized applications), as they provide high-specific energy options, reasonably good specific power, and a decent lifespan.These types are not as safe as the others listed here and as such, require special safety monitoring measures to be employed for use in EVs. They are also more costly to manufacture, limiting their viability for use in other applications.

Lithium Titanate :

Lithium titanate batteries replace the graphite in the anode with lithium-titanate nanocrystals, giving it a larger surface area over carbon, allowing the electrons to enter and exit the anode very quickly. This, in turn, makes it one of the more faster-charging batteries in the Li-ion category.

They do have their disadvantages, however, as they have lower inherent voltage and lower specific-energy ratings over conventional lithium technologies. That being said, they are one of the safer platforms regarding thermal tolerances, making them incredibly safe for use in EVs and e-bikes with possibilities in the military and aerospace industries.

Lithium Iron Phosphate:

Lithium iron phosphate batteries use the iron phosphate for the cathode along with a graphite electrode combined with metallic current collector grid for the anode. These batteries are more tolerant at full-charge conditions and are less prone to stress than other Li-ion batteries when subjected to prolonged high voltages.

As a result, these types benefit from low-resistant properties, thereby increasing their safety and thermal abilities, making them ideal for electric motorcycles and vehicles. The only drawback is their low-voltage capacities and offers less energy than other types of Li-ion batteries.

Table of Battries :

Battery name	Positive electrode	Negative Electrode	Reaction
Licoo2	Cobalt	carbon	LiCoO2+xC6Lix−1CoO2+xLiC6
LiMn2O4	Manganese	carbon	C6+LiMO2 LixC6+Li1-xMO2
LiNiMn2CoO2	nickel,Manganese,cobalt	carbon
LiNICoAlO2	nickel,alumium,cobalt	carbon
Li2TiO3	titanum	carbon
LiFePo4	iron ,phosphate	carbon	xLi+xFePO4+(1-x)LiFePO4