Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

S.NO

BATTERY TYPE

ANODE

CATHODE

ELECTROLYTE

SEPARATOR

CHEMICAL REACTION

1

Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LCO)

Graphite(LiC₆)

Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO₂)

Polyolefin

Anode reaction:`LiC_6rarrC_6+Li^+ +e^-`

Cathode reaction:`CoO_2+Li^++e^(-)rarrLiCoO_2`

Overall reaction:`LiC_6+CoO_2harrC_6+LiCoO_2`

2

Lithium Manganese Oxide(LMO)

Graphite(LiC₆)

Lithium Manganese oxide(LiMn₂O₄)

Lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved with ethylene carbonate.

Polyolefin

Anode reaction:`LiC_6rarrC_6+Li^+ +e^-`

Cathode reaction:`Mn_2O_4+Li^++e^-)rarrLiMn_2O_4`

Overall reaction:`LiC_6+Mn_2O_4harrC_6+LiMn_2O_4`

3

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide(NMC)

Graphite(LiC₆)

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide(LiNiMnCoO₂)

Lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved with ethylene carbonate.

Polyolefin

Anode reaction:`LiC_6rarrC_6+Li^+ +e^-`

Cathode reaction:`NiMnCoO_2+Li^++e^-)rarrLiNiMnCoO_2`

Overall reaction:`LiC_6+NiMnCoO_2harrC_6+LiNiMnCoO_2`

4

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum(NCA)

Graphite(LiC₆)

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum(LiNiCoAlO₂)

Lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved with ethylene carbonate.

Polyolefin

Anode reaction:`LiC_6rarrC_6+Li^+ +e^-`

Cathode reaction:`NiCoAlO_2+Li^++e^-)rarrLiNiCoAlO_2`

Overall reaction:`LiC_6+NiCoAlO_2harrC_6+LiNiCoAlO_2`

5

Lithium Iron Phosphate(LFP)

Graphite (LiC₆)

Lithium Phosphate oxide(LiF₆Po₄)

Lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved with ethylene carbonate.

Polyolefin

Anode reaction:`LiC_6rarrC_6+Li^+ +e^-`

Cathode reaction:`FePO_4+Li^++e^-)rarrLiFePO_4`

Overall reaction:`LiC_6+FePO_4harrC_6+LiFePO_4`

6

Lithium Titanate(LTO)

Graphite(LiC₆)

Lithium Titanium oxide(Li₂TiO₃)

Lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved with ethylene carbonate.

Polyolefin

Anode reaction:`LiC_6rarrC_6+Li^+ +e^-`

Cathode reaction:`Mn_2O_4+Li^++e^-)rarrLiMn_2O_4`

Overall reaction:`Li_2TiO_3+2Mn_2O_4harrTiO_3+2LiMn_2O_4`

BATTERY

LCO(lithium cobalt oxide)

LMO(lithium manganese oxide)

NMC(Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide)

LPF(Lithium iron phosphate)

NCA(Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide)

LTO(Lithium Titanate)

VOLTAGE

3.60V nominal. Typical operating range 3.0 - 4.2V/cell.

3.70(3.80) nominal. Typical operating range 3.0 - 4.2V/cell.

3.60, 3.7V nominal. Typical operating range 3.0 – 4.2V/cell or higher.

3.20, 3.30V nominal. Typical operating range 2.5-3.65V/cell.

3.60V nominal. Typical operating range 3.0 – 4.2V/cell.

2.4V nominal. Typical operating range 1.8-2.85V/cell.

SPECIFIC ENERGY(CAPACITY)

150-200Wh/kg. Specialty cells provide up to 240Wh/kg

100 -1500Wh/kg.

150-220Wh/kg.

90-120Wh/kg.

200-260Wh/kg. 300Wh/kg predictable.

50-80Wh/kg.

CHARGE(C-rate)

0.7-1C, charges to 4.2V (most cells). 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.

0.7-1C typical and maximum up to 3C. Charges to 4.2V (most cells).

0.7-1C, charges to 4.2V some go to 4.3V. 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.

1C typical, charges to 3.65V. 3h charge typical.

0.7C, charges to 4.2V/cell, 3h charge typical, fast charge possible with some cells.

1C typical. The maximum charge is 5C.It charges to 2.85V.

DISCHARGE(C-rate)

1C.cut off voltage 2.5V. Discharge current above 1C shortens battery life.

1C. 10C with some cells. 30C pulse (5s). Cut off voltage 2.5V.

1C.2C possible on some cells. Cut off voltage 2.5V.

1C, 25C on some cells.40A pulse (2s).Cutoff voltage 2.5V.

1C typical .cut off 3.0V. High discharge rate shortens battery life.

10C possible, 30C 5s pulse. Cut-off voltage 1.48V.

CYCLE LIFE

500-1000 (related to depth of discharge, load, temperature)

300-700 (related to depth of discharge and temperature).

1000-2000 (related to depth of discharge and temperature.)

2000 and higher (related to depth of discharge and temperature).

500 (related to depth of discharge and temperature.)

3000-7000

THERMAL RUNAWAY

150⁰C (302⁰F) typical. Full charge promotes thermal runaway.

250^oC (482^oF) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway.

210^oC (410^oF) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway.

270^oC (518^oF) typical. Very safe battery even if it is fully charged.

150^oC (302^oF) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway.

One of the safest lithium ion battery.

APPLICATION

Mobile phones, tablets, laptop, cameras

Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrain.

E-bikes, medical devices, EVs and industrial.

Portable and stationary needing high load current and endurance.

Medical device, industrial and electric powertrain (Tesla).

UPS, electric powertrain (Honda Fit EV, Mitsubishi MIEV), solar powered street lighting.

COMMENTS

Very high specific energy, limited specific power. Cobalt is expensive. It serves as energy cell.

High power but less capacity. Safer than Li-cobalt. It commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance.

It provides high capacity and high power. It serves as hybrid cell.

Very flat discharge curve but low capacity. One of the safest lithium ion. It is used in special markets.

Shares the similarities with the Li-cobalt. It serves as energy cell.

Long life, fast charge, wide temperature range but low specific energy and expensive.

DIAGRAM