Project 1 - Design and Develop a IOT based Wireless Wearable Health Monitoring System or a Home Healthcare System to monitor the physiological parameters of ECG, Heart Rate, Pulse Oximetry, Cuffless Blood Pressure and Body Temperature.
Name: Vital Parameters Monitoring System
Basic Breakdown: The device will be used to monitor the sick and elderly. Along with the sick and elderly the device will be used to monitor the people who under constant distress and people who have a suicidal tendency. Suicidal tendency might not come under a physical problem and patient might not cause themselves physical injury but it is a leading cause of death and is directly linked to the overall health of a person. Since the health of an individual consists of physical well being, mental well being and being socially active. So the issue falls directly under a major health issue. So the device will focus on the physical as well as the non physical aspect of the human body. The device will monitor the patients 24/7. The device would be using two devices to work as the battery pack need recharging time before the battery runs off.
Sensors that will be used:The device would be using a number of sensors ranging from sensors that would be used to monitor the ECG of the patient to blood check samples.The sensors that will be used are discussed below:
a. Reusuable electordes for ECG
b. Blood checking membrane to check for harmful foreign objects (only for suicidal patients)
c. Sink nodes to transmit data wirelessly to the cloud
d. SPO2 sensors to check for calculating the heartbeat of the patient
e. Thermal sensors around the house for checking body temperatures
f. Ultrasoud sensors and recievers planted around the house and the monitoring system to check for the movement of the patient.
g. Internet connected devices (IOT) devices around the house to check on the daily work of the patient.
Server architecture to be used: The server that ill be used for the patient's monitoring will be made on the blockchain server. The server will be a multi level so that n-number of patients can be monitored easily without fail. Not any normal server wouyld be used for the patients. Since it will be used to monitor the critical patients blockchain server will be used. Blockchain servers have the top-tier security and are usually non hackable therefore no data breach will happen easily. Since, the data remains on the blockchain till the person deletes it themselves even oldest ofrecords be accessed with it. The server works around the clock so there will be downtime.
Alarms to be used: Alarms are an important part of any health monitoring system. They help the staff or the person in charge know if the patient needs anything immediately if the staff/person in charge is busy at that moment. The intensity of the alarm varies from the issue to issue. the alarms that will be used in this device are discussed below:
Small beeps for patient if they start to show any signs of change in body temperature or change in their regular movements.
Long beeps patient might be doing something unsual as monitored by the system and needs monitoring.
Loud buzzeer sound as well as vibrations on the device if the patient is critical and paramedics are needed.
Disconnected sound note will be played if the wifi is down or the patient has removed the monitoring system. At that time the paramedics and nearby police station ill be sent a panic sms ithin two minutes to check up on the patient.
Overtime sound note will be played if the patient takes on more than the regular time to do some work. At that time all of the sensors will be working on overide to check for the patient's well being.
Fig 1. Wearable Monitoring System of Home Monitoring System
The diagram (fig. 1) shows the wearable part of the monitoring system of the home monitoring system. This will be using sensors such as electrodes for detecting the ECG. the electrodes would use gel as the connecting medium and they will be packed in a semi permiable breathing material through which the gel doesn't spill out and the readings can be taken. This will also use temperature sensors and will be present around the wearable part not visible on the outer part. There will be a needle too for the suicidal patients which will prick the patient everytime they consume something whether it be solidor water and check if the patient for any poison traces. The SPO2 sensor will be connected to the patient via smart watch that ill be connected directly to the health monitoring board of the home monitoring system. All of this will be connected top arduino which will be connected to the sink node that will transmit the data wirelessly to the monitoring board. The battery that will be used willbe lithun ion. The patient needs to have a set of these so that it can be inter changed when it requires charging. Also there will be ultasonic sensors and recievers so that the movement of the patient be detected by the home monitoring system.
Fig 2. Home Monitoring System
The diagram (fig. 2) shows the home monitoring system. This will be using sensors such as ultrasonic sensors and recievers to get the location movement of the patient. It will also use temperatre sensors to check on the temperature of various things such as water temperature and room temperature to calculate the data. There willbbe accelaration sensors as well as small cameras to detect the patient and obvjects around the patient. Allof the data will be sent tot the monitoring board whichreceive data from the wearable system as well. All of that data will be sent to the server and data will be shared to the devices that connected to the system, be it parents, children who have it installed to monitor their old parents or hospitals.
False Alarm detection: So suppose if the patient is asleep or drunk and accidentally gives off the alarm, what will the systemdo then? If any of the above mentioned cases happen, first the AI detecting system will be activated and alarm will be put on stand by for the time being. The system would detect if the patient is asleep or not. Comparing the pervious movement will the current movement the AI system that will be used in the monitoring board will send the alarm or cancel it. But what of the patient is actually in stress? This will be checked with the footage and body temperature combined.
Line of action that the system will use when there is an emergency. If there is an emergency, the sensors will get active at once and send emergency alert to the monitoring board. The device would send sms to the hospital, police department and the family members. At the same time make a distress call to the nearest ambulance service to rush the patient to the hospital. It will take the vitals faster than usual time periods so that the doctors can see the vitals and give proper treatment to the patient. This way the system call tell if the patient is in distress or not. ECG will be taken constantly and the doctor can get the ECG immediately via a printer in the hospital. The data at that time will be sent to a different server which is cloud based and not block chain based. There an AI algorithm will be implemented and the data will be compared simulataneously. Thsi way a report can also be generated.
Data Transmission procedure/protocols: Now comes the question how will the data be transmitted and how will the devices be communicated. What if the WiFi goes down? Connectivity downtime is a major problem in a country like India. So what can be done to prevent that? To prevent thisiisue we will have a sim service connected to the Monitoring board. This way there will be connectivity issue. The data will be transmitted to the hospitals via the server system and hourly report via email in the mailbox. The sim service will send an update sms to the family members every hour to notify them of the patient's condition. So the services that will be used for connection are LTE data and WiFi.
Data encryption and security method: The Internet of Things (IoT) utilises both symmetric and asymmetric encryption methods. Symmetric encryption is a way of encrypting and decrypting data with the use of a single cryptographic key. Since only one key is required to do both tasks, doing so is easy. The main benefit of symmetric encryption is this. This encryption process is simple, which means it works quickly, consumes little energy, and won't slow down your Wi-Fi or internet connection. As opposed to symmetric encryption, which uses a single key for both encryption and decryption, asymmetric encryption uses a set of keys. The "public key" and the "private key" are two separate keys that are mathematically related to one another. Asymmetric encryption's main benefit is the increased security it offers. The data is encrypted using the public key and decrypted using the private key, which is kept in a safe place. One other perk of asymmetric encryption is that it is authenticated, meaning that the data may be viewed by no one but the intended recipient. Blowfish encryption will be used to secure the data. To that end, Blowfish was developed as an alternative symmetric encryption technique to DES. It encrypts data one block at a time, using a 64-bit key. Being in the public domain has helped keep Blowfish's popularity high. This, however, does not detract from the fact that it is still a solid encryption choice. Many people argue that it has never been defeated. Blowfish has found widespread application in protecting sensitive information, including passwords and online transactions. It's one of the most adaptable and simple encryption methods out there.
Cloud Computing: Since, we would be using two servers it will be wise to have a method which can work seamlessly between these two. Thus hybrid cloud will be used for this method. The term "hybrid cloud" refers to a computing environment where an organization's private cloud services located on-premises are combined with public cloud services located in the cloud provided by a third party to create a single, adaptable infrastructure for running mission-critical applications and workloads. This novel combination of public and private cloud resources simplifies the process of determining which cloud is best suited for each application or workload and then transferring those workloads between clouds as needed. In comparison to using either a public or private cloud exclusively, a hybrid cloud infrastructure provides greater efficiency and lower costs in meeting technical and business goals. The cloud will have an AI program already in place for it work from and the data can be compared and data be sent timely to the hospital.
Data Certification: The device would be needed to be certified for medical safety. This will tell if the device is fit to perform as a medical device. The certification needs to be diagnostic device level.
Launch of the product: The device would be launched to public via the government site. The product would be made available on-demand as it is a big product and producing it on a large scale without any customers would mean a loss. Doctor forums will be notified and hospitals would be send samples to advertise. This way i would like to launch the product.
The design of the wireless health monitor had to be such that it would have had to be able to measure temperature, heart rate, ECG, SpO2 levels, blood pressure, and glucose levels. So the hardware needed to be compact and light. For it to be portable, it would have to run on a Direct Current (DC) power supply. Thus, sensors connected to an Arduino microcontroller were used to measure the vital signs. A Bluetooth module was used to transmit these measured data wirelessly to an android application (built using JAVA in the android studio) from where a MySQL database was updated with the information. Then, the patients and doctors could access the information through a built-in website updated by the same database. The best option for quick and efficient website development was Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP). This Patient Health Monitoring system comprises both a hardware part and a software part. Along with the software part, a database on a web server as a storage for the accumulated data from the hardware implementation was being used.
Design plans
Hardware architecture
There were three different sections. The microcontroller is at the center of the entire hardware process. It receives analog signals from the sensors, and then, the Arduino code is written such that the data are sorted from each sensor and then digitized. The sorted data are then passed on to a Bluetooth module which transmits the data to the mobile android application. The android application displays the readings and simultaneously updates the MySQL database connected to the website. From the website, patients and doctors should be able to access the information simultaneously.
Android application and website interface integrated with database server
When patients open the application, they should be prompted to register and open a new account with their personal details, which will be passed on to the database. The application system will always check the database for these login details to allow patients for future logins. Once logged in, patients should be able to do the following: They should be able to view their past readings to compare, they should be able to take new measurements, or they should be able to check their doctor’s prescription that was given since the last time they took readings. Figure 1 shows the architecture of the algorithm that will be used for the android user interface (UI). After the patient logs in, patients can choose between two options. One alternative is to upgrade the data of patients by giving data approximately title, age, crisis email, and ID, which is really the device ID, and, of course, the interesting id for each persistent (Fig. (Fig.22).
Block diagram of proposed android UI implementation
Flow diagram of proposed patient UI implementation
Another choice is to see data which are the whole data of the patient’s current health condition. This choice will show the temperature and beat rate. It too will show any advice from specialists. Besides, understanding can portray his/her well-being condition by either selecting given symptoms or portraying problems in a chosen box that can specifically reach the doctor’s application.
Similar to patients’ applications, specialists can begin by generating an unused account on the doctor’s application. After that, the professional would be able to use his account. Specialists must once again register their account by including the basic information needed to access the account and then log in with their username and password. This section’s whole mechanism is shown.
A doctor may have a large number of patients under his care. As a result, a doctor will have access to a list of patients the specialist will see. More specialists may choose a single permanent by selecting it from the understanding list by clicking on the title of the understanding.
Specialists would be able to view all of the patients’ records after clicking on a single patient. He’ll still be able to see if some form of signal or warning is sent to specialists. Specialists may recommend specialists based on their findings. There is an option called “delete permanent records.” It means, if a specialist needs it, he can erase a few past records of a persistent person.
The probable flow of server implementation is shown below. The Bluetooth module can be utilized as equipment, and it’ll be set up with the Arduino so that it can exchange information over the Internet. A computer interface can handle questions utilizing http, the most well-known convention for trading information on the World Wide Web. The information will be put away, handled, and sent to clients. A Bluetooth module will be utilized to exchange information with the app, and a web server will be utilized to store data. The Android interface was selected for the smartphone gadget. Android encompasses a world-class stage for creating apps and diversions for Android clients all over the world, as well as a free commerce center for disseminating them right away [20].
Prophet Enterprise disseminates, creates, and keeps up the MySQL database, an open-source, commonly utilized, and most well-known SQL database administration framework. The MySQL database administration system will be included in this article. MySQL too has the good thing about supporting social databases [20]. Consequently, it is exceptionally adaptable to use since data can be put into totally different tables instead of putting all the data into one table. Figure 3 shows how the database was structured.
Block diagram of the proposed server implementation
In program execution, the program portion is coordinated with the equipment portion. The equipment portion has an Arduino, ECG sensor, Heart Beat Sensor, Bluetooth Module, and LCD display. To execute the equipment portion, the code may well be planned such that the heartbeat stick is initialized in stick 7, the heartbeat button is initialized in stick 6, and the ECG button is initialized in stick 2. When starting to organize, the value of ECG and heartbeat are 0. A strategy setup is utilized for setting up the LCD’s number of columns and columns. Here, the button is taken as input. A call-back strategy is utilized to not hinder when the heartbeat is tallied for 20 s. It is executed in 1 moment. Figure 4 appears in the square chart for the whole health monitoring process.
Block diagram for the entire health monitoring process
To execute the site, the paper coordinates the equipment with benefit calls to appear on the site. In real-time, esteem appears on the site. We made a web front with a gadget interface. The (Hypertext Preprocessor) PHP/JavaScript dialect is utilized for making the site. PHP is utilized to call the server and get the information from the server. When a heartbeat is measured on a pulse sensor, it is transferred to the server and appears as genuine esteem on the site agreeing to the date and time. It moreover creates the ECG bend graphically on the site, concurring with the time and date. Chart.js may be an effective information visualization library. It is utilized to make the graphical lines on the site. The web benefit is utilized to display ECG graphically by calling information from the server and creating it from the Arduino code. In other parts, one can also make a live check of the understanding by utilizing a login username and password.
Implementation
The following items shown in TableTable11 were bought for the entire implementation of the hardware implementation. Table Table11 shows the list of required equipment and the price of it. The price here is given in Bangladeshi Taka. The total cost of the hardware components for the development of the proposed system is 5735 Bangladeshi Taka, which is equivalent to 67.50 US dollars. From the table, it is noted that the hardware equipment for the system is very cheap. That makes the whole system cost-effective, which will be good for the general public to buy and afford the system.
Table 1
Types of equipment used in the proposed system
| Item | Price(BDT) |
|---|---|
| AD8232 ECG measurement module | 1199 |
| Arduino bluetooth module HC-06 | 279 |
| Arduino uno R3 SMD | 349 |
| Breadboard | 99 |
| High accuracy 12C MAX30105 PARTICLE optical sensor oximeter module | 2300 |
| Jumper wires | 90 |
| L7805 voltage regulator | 10 |
| LCD keypad shield arduino | 350 |
| LM35 temperature sensor | 320 |
| Rechargeable battery charger | 299 |
| 9v Sony rechargeable battery | 440 |
| Total price | 5735 |
The details of the equipment and how they are connected to the microcontroller for each sensor are given below.
The Arduino Uno, shown in Fig. 5, could be a microcontroller based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has everything required to bolster a microcontroller. It has 14 advanced input/output pins (6 can be utilized as PWM yields), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16MOV53-R00), a Universal Serial Bus (USB) association, a control jack, an ICSP header q, and a reset button. So it can essentially be associated with a computer with a USB cable and control with an AC to DC connector or battery so that it can be started.
TheAD8232ECG ECG MODULE, shown in Fig. 6, is coordinated with the AD8232 IC from Analog gadgets. It is outlined as a single chip so that it can extricate, open up, and channel signals for bipotential estimation applications (like ECG and others). The ECG may well be exceptionally loud. That’s why the AD8232 Single Lead Heart Rate Screen acts as an op-amp, making a difference in easily getting a clear flag from the PR and QT Interims. For feature extraction, crude ECG information is sifted and sectioned, and after that, a complexity examination is performed. Combining a stack-based classification module and a relapse module, a machine-learning strategy is connected to building systolic BP(SBP) diastolic BP (DBP).
The MAX30105, shown in Fig. 7, is an indispensable molecule detecting module. There are inner LEDs, photo finders, optical components, and moo clamor hardware encompassing light dismissal. A total framework arrangement that can ease the design-in handle of beats and oxygen level finding is given within the MAX30105. Because it is amazingly small, it can, moreover, be utilized as a wearable gadget. Having an electronic show module, an LCD employs fluid precious stones to create an obvious picture. Exceptionally commonly used in DIYs and circuits, the 16 × 2 LCD display is a case of a really fundamental module. 16 × 2 outlines a display of16 characters per line in such 2 lines. This paper, too, encompasses an unused equipment framework that can measure the glucose concentration in the blood. This framework is really non-invasive, speedy, and basic. To begin with, near-infrared light is utilized in this paper. The infrared light transmittance here can get the flag of blood glucose concentration. Then, these signals will be transmitted to Arduino after amplification by an amplifier. The Arduino Uno board has a CPU that can analyze and process signals. By comparing with a standard set, the system can determine the blood glucose concentration of the signals. Lastly, the result will appear on the LCD screen, which can also be transmitted to a phone via Bluetooth at the same time.
LM35, which appeared in Fig. 8, could be a temperature sensor that can measure temperatures within the range of −55 °C to 150 °C. It may be a 3-terminal gadget that gives an analog voltage corresponding to the temperature. The higher the temperature is, the higher the yield voltage [24].
The HC-05 Bluetooth module, shown in Fig. 9, could be a stackable shield with serial ports based on the HC-06 module. The shield can be associated straightforwardly with the Arduino UART harbor for remote communication. Without deterrents or other impedances, the Bluetooth shield can communicate for a run of 10 m (32ft) [25].
The Arduino and Android applications are connected via Bluetooth. JAVA code is used by the android studio for the android application to send some data to the application. Arduino decides and provides data according to user preference from the incoming value. Then, Arduino takes readings from the sensors and transfers them using HC-05 to Android. Android receives the data and sends it to the real-time database. Figures 10 and and1111 show the database structure for doctors and patients, respectively.
For the database management system, MySQL is used, which is currently the most popular database management system out there. MySQL is an API that uses a connector function to link the backend of the PHP app to the MySQL database. It provides a better set of functions and extensions. MySQL was used to connect to a PHP-designed website [28]. On the other hand, a simple API was used to connect Android apps to the MySQL server.
Results and analysis
Figure 12 shows the final hardware prototype built for the proposed IoT-based patient monitoring system in this research work. The hardware was built by using a breadboard as the connecting platform for the wiring of the machine. No final casing of the machine was built as this paper represents the working prototype to measure the accuracy of vital sign readings. Here, the sensors and the connection of all sensors with the Arduino and other required components are shown. In this hardware prototype, all the required sensors are connected to the Arduino. Sensors will measure the analog signals from the human body, and then, Arduino will process the measured data and provide a digital output which will be sent to the mobile application via Bluetooth device. The ECG sensor used for this system has three leads, which are also included with the hardware prototype. For the commercial purpose of the system, a mold can be used for the coating purpose of the whole hardware system.
Working hardware prototype of the proposed system built for testing purposes
Measurement of accuracy of sensor readings
Once the hardware was built, the initial simulations were done using the Arduino IDE monitor. The physiological parameters of humans were measured and displayed on the monitor, as shown in the following figures. The accuracy still remained to be measured in this phase. In this case, for the testing and measurement of the developed system, a real human test subject was used, as shown in Fig. 13. Figure 13a shows live testing of the system on a real human test subject. Figure 13b shows how the ECG is plotted on the serial plotter. The signals are generated as voltages of electron movements across arteries. Each pod measures the voltage, the data of which is passed on to the analog input of the microprocessor. This signal is amplified to produce a graphical representation on the monitor.
Initial Arduino simulations for ECG values. a shows live testing on one of the patients while b shows the ECG plot on the serial plotter
Like the serial plotter, the monitor shows the readings but in a graphical form. Each of the vital sign values for each pulse appears in tabular form, as shown in Fig. 14 as follows. The analog input values before the graph is plotted can be viewed on the serial monitor as follows.
Serial plotter showing values of physiological parameters measured from sensors
In this study, in order to test the system, more measurements were performed. A sample size of 5 real human test subjects was used for testing, measurement, and comparison purposes. In this case, these measured physiological parameters’ values were manually noted down, and the data were entered into a Google sheets application to compare with values measured by accurate machines to produce a deviation of values from original measurements. The following graphs show original, accurate measurements versus the measured values from the hardware sensors proposed in this paper. The graphs below, shown in Figs. Figs.15,15, ,1616 and and17,17, were graphed in Microsoft Excel after manually noting down each value from the serial monitor and then graphing these values against values of vital signs measured medically. In Fig. 15, the orange color bars in the graph show the measured temperature values for five different test subjects that were obtained using the proposed temperature sensor of this system, while the red color bars in the graph shows the measured temperature values using a commercially available analog thermometer. In Fig. 15, the X-axis represents the test subjects. Temperatures were graphed against those measured using a thermometer. In this case, the results of the temperature of the proposed sensor are compared with the analog one. The thermometer here shows the body temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (0F).
Measured temperature values (orange: sensor of this study) versus medically collected values (red: analog thermometer commercially available) for five different real human test subjects. X-axis represents the test subjects. Temperature is in degrees Fahrenheit (0F)
Measured pulse rate values (pink) versus medically collected values (blue). X-axis represents the test subjects. Pulse rate is in BPM
Measured blood oxygen level values (green) versus medically collected values (pink). X-axis represents the test subject
Pulse rate and oxygen saturation levels were graphed against values measured with a pulse Oximeter sold in the current market. Figure 16 shows the measured pulse rate values (pink) versus medically collected values (blue) for five different test subjects. The pink color bars in Fig. 16 show the measured heart rate values that were obtained using the proposed heart rate sensor in this study, while the blue color bars in the same graph show the heart rate values that were obtained using commercially available pulse Oximeter sold in the local market. The unit of the pulse rate in Fig. 16 is BPM (Beats Per Minute). Figure 17 shows the measured blood oxygen level values (green) versus medically collected values (pink) for five different test subjects. In Fig. 17, the green color bars of the graph show the measured blood oxygen level values using the proposed sensor in this study, while the pink color bars of the graph show the measured values using a commercially available pulse Oximeter sold in the local market. Each separate bar in the following graph represents each separate patient. In each graph, corresponding bars show vitals measured using medical equipment versus the measurements taken by the wireless health monitor mentioned in this paper. Manually, each of the readings was measured, noted, and then graphed against medically measured values to compare the bars. In Figs. Figs.15,15, ,16,16, and and17,17, the X-axis shows the test subjects that were used for measurement purposes in this study.
To measure the accuracy, the percentage difference in the value of the vital was calculated. From the above graphs and plots, we can see that most readings were well within the 10% error rate. Thus, most vital measurements were accurate to above 90%. Some readings were even as close as 98�curate compared to vital readings measured by current market products. This was considered to be quite accurate when compared to the prices of products in the market. These results were good when looked at from a financial standpoint.
Android application testing
This phase includes an individual patient’s process to see, record, and share their vital medical history on the android application. Once the above readings are taken, they are viewed on the android mobile application by the patient. But before one can do that, one needs to register their account, and they will go through a series of fields to fill in and give their personal details. Figure 18 shows the simplistic registration process for the mobile application. Once the patient opens up the mobile application, he/she has to register by filling in the required information, as can be seen in Fig. Fig.18a-b.18a-b. These fields are saved in the database and used for authentication. Once an account is created, patients can login using a username and password that they selected themselves during the registration procedure.
The registration process for Android application users. a shows how a patient first has to login by registering their email and b shows the completion of the profile once logged in. c shows the prescription attachment button on the website, while (d) shows how the pdf prescription appears on the android app
Once logged in, patients will have to connect the application to the Bluetooth module, which is quite simplistic. Once searched, they will find a device to be paired named HC05 or see the mac address for it. Once the pairing request is sent, the pairing takes only about 3 to 5 s, and a notification will be shown to the user. In the Android mobile application, patients can also see the prescription provided by the doctor from the web application. After logging in to the web application, a doctor can monitor patients’ medical information and testing data in real time and provide the prescription to the patients. The prescription form for the web application needs to be attached by the doctor. Figure 18c shows the prescription attachment button on the website. Here, at the patient’s end, users can see their prescription in the mobile application in pdf format. Figure 18d shows how the pdf of the prescription appears on the android application.
Once pairing is confirmed, the monitor section of the app will show the readings automatically as long as the person is connected physically to the sensors. The sensor readings will show up in the application. Once readings are taken, they are saved automatically on the MySQL database under the names and identities of the patients. That is done in the background through a backend API call. The patient does not have to save anything. The patient also has the option to change personal details or check up on his or her prescription. Only the most recent prescription is shown on the application.
Figure 19 shows the live testing of the mobile application with the whole sensors and hardware prototype and a real human test subject. The Android mobile application successfully shows the measured vital physiological parameters of a real patient. The proposed hardware prototype and android mobile application of the proposed system work perfectly. The hardware prototype can successfully send the measured data from the human body to the mobile application. The android applications show all vital parameters (heart rate, SpO2, ECG graph, blood glucose level, blood pressure, and body temperature) of a real human test subject on the mobile application (Fig. 19). The measured data here in the mobile application also show accurate values. Data accuracy has already been discussed in the previous section. Apart from certain bugs and certain User Interface (UI) changes that could be made, the application runs smoothly and accurately. Figure 19 shows the implementation of the android application. Once pressed on the monitor button, the android window will ask to connect the sensors, which, when connected, will pass over the values to the android app. Each of the vitals will show up in relevant fields, and the session data are automatically recorded to be sent to the database from where the website is updated. The prescription button on the android app displays a pdf of the prescription uploaded by the doctor on the website.
Testing of mobile application a shows the live testing of one of the patients, while b shows how the vital physiological parameters can be read from the mobile application
Database
The MySQL database is immediately updated with the information provided by the user. The backend API call pulls the user information from the android device into a structured database. Once in the database, the android application can use the database to check login or other credentials. The figure below shows that the patient’s information has automatically been added to the MySQL database along with all the personal credentials. Figure 20 shows the database structure of a user’s saved information.
Screenshot of the database updates of information provided by the user
The doctors, however, do not have an android application for the purposes of this paper. They can access the database information via a connected website where they too would be required to give their personal details and credentials. Their details are also stored in the database under the doctor’s tab. The database also contains all the readings for the patients in the logs tab, as seen on the left-hand side of the image in Fig. 20. The website can allow both doctors and patients to access these details.
Web implementation
To actualize the site, equipment was coordinated with benefit calls to appear on the site. The real-time esteem within site. Figure 21 shows a screenshot of the website’s home page. A web front with a gadget interface was made. The PHP/JavaScript dialect was utilized for making the site. PHP is utilized to call the server and get the information from the server. When a heartbeat sensor measures the heartbeat, it is transferred to the server and appears as genuine esteem on the site, concurring with date and time. It too produces the ECG bend graphically on the site, concurring with the time and date. Chart.js could be an effective information visualization library. It is utilized to make the graphical lines on the website. On the front end of the website, doctors, patients, and admins can do registration, and they can also log in to the web application. Figure 22a-b shows the doctor and patient registration and login pages of the developed web application in this research work. In Fig. 22a, a patient login system is shown where a patient can log in to the web using their email address and a preferable password set by the patient himself. In Fig. 22b, a doctor login system is shown where a doctor can log in to the web using an email address and a preferable password set by the doctor himself. If patients and doctors do not have any accounts, they can create a new account, as can be seen in Fig. 22a-b.
Screenshot of the website home page
Testing of website: a patient login/registration page, and b doctor login/registration page
The web benefit is utilized to display ECG graphically by calling information from the server and producing it from the Arduino code. In other parts, one can also make a live check of the persistent by utilizing a login username and secret word. The Internet front is shown within the taking after figuring at the side of the login page interface. Figure 21 appears on the domestic page that both specialists and patients see when they begin to visit the site. From there on, they can explore their particular entrances by logging in as a persistent or as a specialist, as shown in Fig. 22. Like their portable applications, they can either login or register.
The patients have a similar login interface on the website. Once inside, the doctors can view patient details by clicking on individual patients and adding prescriptions to them, as shown in the following figure. Once the prescription is uploaded by the doctor on the website, it can be seen via the database by the patient. Figure 23 shows a screenshot of the dashboard being used by the doctor. As seen in Fig. 23, the doctor can view all vitals, physiological parameters, and basic information of the patient directly from the website and then contact the patient in terms of prescriptions and medical check-ups required. On this website, doctors can monitor patients in real time. Doctors can attach and send a prescription to patients using this web platform, as shown in Fig. 18c. The presented work in this paper is novel, and it is shown throughout the paper.
Screenshots of the dashboard being used by the doctor