Identification of Cracks
Question 1:
a)
b) 
c) 
What is the mode of failure or damage of the beams in the figure above? Are the damages repairable? Elaborate
Ans :
a)
This crack will be formed due to the flexural failure of a beam. The flexural strength, known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength, is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture. It is measured in terms of stress. To overcome this type of failure, main steel is provided at the bottom/top of the beam. The damages are repairable, To repair damaged beams, locate a local welder or metal shop and request angle iron, cut and drilled to the length of the beam being repaired.Remove any pipes, wires, etc. currently going through the beam. Be sure to turn off the water, power, etc. before doing so.Pry the joist hanger away from the beam.Mount the angle iron on the jack and the temporary post. Get the angle iron in place and slowly raise the jack until the angle iron is wedged up against the damaged beam.Screw the angle iron into the beam and remove the temporary post.Slide any pipes or wires previously removed back through the beam and turn the water and power back on. Crack is formed due to flexural failure in beams. As we can see that damage is caused more to the beam then column. Damage is caused due to insufficient of reinforcement or concrete. To overcome this failures steel must be provided at top/bottom of beam. This damages are repairable, while repairing this we need to remove pipes ,wires and turn off the water and power connection. It can be repaired by adding cement to the damaged part.
b)
This cracks are formed due to the mistakes done in the construction and honeycombing in concrete. To avoid cracks in concrete, avoid using high slump concrete. Concrete of moderate slump (less than 5 inches) results in less cracking. High slump concrete can only be used if it is controlled by concrete admixtures or designed such that segregation and bleeding of concrete is controlled. Concrete admixtures such as water reducers or super plasticizers can be used to increase slump while reducing addition of water content. Air entertained concrete can also be produced to increase slump especially when concrete is to be subjected to freeze and thaw cycles. The honeycombing occurs when the fine mortar fails to thoroughly fall and fill the gaps created by the coarse aggregate. As mentioned previously, poor concrete consolidation is usually the top cause of honeycombing, along with poor vibration, improper ratio of fine to coarse aggregate, dry concrete and construction conditions that are not up to standard.
This cracks are formed due to high slump concrete. Beams and columns carry heavy load. So ,first step is to relieve part of its load. This is done by providing supports at beam column joints. Remove the damage concrete until corred steel reinforcement is visible.
C)
This cracks are formed due to the beam-column joint failure. In the strong column-weak beam design, beams are expected to form plastic hinges at their ends and develop flexural overstrength beyond the design strength. The high internal forces developed at plastic hinges cause critical bond conditions in the longitudinal reinforcing bars passing through the joint and also impose high shear demand in the joint core. The bond performance of the bars anchored in a joint affects the shear resisting mechanism to a significant extent.
Cracks are formed due to beam column connection failure. It occured due to high shear forces during seismic activity. If it is not properly repaired excessive loss in strength ,then structure will collapse.
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Question 2:
a) 
b) 
c) 
Ans :
a)
This crack will be formed due to the flexural failure of a column. Columns have the most important role in all structural members of a building. According to the base civil engineering concept, columns failure wants to be occurring after beams and the other components damages. Performance of existing buildings in earthquakes indicates that the beams are less vulnerable to damage during earthquakes and their damage appears to be less critical to performance as compared with that of columns and column-beam joints.
It is formed due to the failure in column due to buckling. Buckling is the sudden change in shape of a structural component under load. If a structure is subjected to gradually increase in load ,member may suddenly changes the shape.
b)
This crack will be formed due to the shear failure of a column. Lateral loads in a structure are carrying by vertical elements such as columns and shear walls. When there are no shear walls, columns carry these lateral loads. Lateral loads are generated by winds, earthquake loads, from retaining structures, etc. Shear links are provided to columns based on the shear forces excreted on them. Further, the size of the columns is increased in the direction of shear to increase the shear capacity.
Due to Shear failure in column. Lateral loads carried in vertical elements of structure. Size of columns is increased in direction of shear to increase shear capacity. High shear forces are attracted by shorter columns. These failures occur during earthquake at open ground floor level.
C)
This cracks are formed due to the short column failure. In Short Columns, failure takes place due to yielding and we define this phenomenon as CRUSHING. Short Columns are classified based upon Slenderness Ratio which is the ratio of the effective length (Length between point of zero moments) and least lateral dimension of the column. Failure of column usually occurs due to anyone of the following stresses developed in the column. Short column will fail only because of direct compressive stress developed in the column or we can also say that short column will usually fail due to direct compression or crushing.
It is formed due to short column failure. Short columns fail by crushing at very high stress levels that are above the elastic limit of column material. It is a critical type of concrete column damage occurs at these columns.
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