Final Project: Electric Rickshaw modelling

Final Project: Electric Rickshaw modelling

objective

Create a detailed MATLAB model of an electric rickshaw (three wheel passenger vehicle) as per details below:

Rear wheels driven by PM brushed type motor

Assume efficiency points of motor controller and motor

Make an excel sheet of all input and assumed data

Results:

1. For any three standard driving cycles show energy consumption,
2. temperature rise of motor
3. controller for 100 km constant speed driving at 45 kmph.

model discussion

The above mentioned figure is the complete model for Electric Rickshaw modelling.

"The purpose of this final project is to design an electric rickshaw vehicle that meets the needs of a specific market or user group. The final product will be a functional prototype design related to real world system of the electric vehicle, complete with all necessary components and systems.

components

drive cycle source

a drive cycle can be represented as a set of time-series data, with each data point representing the vehicle's speed, acceleration, or power demand at a particular point in time. This data can then be used to simulate and analyze the vehicle's performance using various modeling and analysis tools.here, Drive cycles can be created and customized to represent a wide range of driving scenarios, from highway cruising to city driving to aggressive acceleration and braking. They can be used to evaluate a variety of vehicle performance parameters, such as fuel economy, range, emissions, and vehicle dynamics.

parameters

Longitudinal Driver

Longitudinal Driver represents the behavior and performance of the driver in terms of their inputs to the vehicle's accelerator and brake pedals. The longitudinal driver model is typically used in conjunction with other vehicle models and algorithms to simulate and analyze the overall performance of the vehicle under different driving conditions.the longitudinal driver model can be used to simulate the effect of different acceleration and braking patterns on the EV's energy consumption and to identify opportunities for energy recovery through regenerative braking.

parameters

controlled PWM voltage

pulse width modulation (PWM) is a technique that can be used to control the voltage applied to an electric motor in order to control its speed and torque. PWM works by rapidly switching the voltage applied to the motor on and off at a high frequency, with the duty cycle (i.e., the proportion of time that the voltage is applied) determining the average voltage applied to the motor. By adjusting the duty cycle, the PWM signal can effectively control the average voltage applied to the motor, and thus its speed and torque.

parameters

H bridge

An H-bridge is a type of circuit that is commonly used to control the direction and speed of electric motors, including in electric vehicle (EV) applications. It consists of four switching elements (usually transistors or MOSFETs) arranged in a "H" shape, with the motor connected between the two branches of the H. By controlling the switching elements, the H-bridge can control the direction and speed of the motor by applying voltage to different pairs of terminals.

To control the direction of the motor, the H-bridge can apply voltage to either the "high" or "low" side of the motor. For example, to rotate the motor in one direction, the H-bridge can apply voltage to the high side of the motor, while to rotate it in the opposite direction, it can apply voltage to the low side. To control the speed of the motor, the H-bridge can pulse width modulate (PWM) the voltage applied to the motor, effectively varying the average voltage and thus the speed of the motor.

parameters

DC Motor

A direct current (DC) motor is a type of electric motor that is commonly used in electric vehicle (EV) applications. It consists of a stator, or stationary part of the motor, and a rotor, or moving part of the motor, which rotates when an electric current is applied to the stator. The direction and speed of the rotor's rotation can be controlled by adjusting the magnitude and polarity of the current applied to the stator.

To control the DC motor in SIMULINK, an external voltage or current source can be applied to the motor's terminals, either directly or through an H-bridge circuit or other control scheme. The behavior and performance of the motor can then be analyzed and evaluated using a variety of analysis and visualization tools, such as scope and plot blocks.

parameters

battery ( using lithium ion battery )

The battery is a key component in the design of an electric vehicle (EV), as it stores and supplies the electrical energy that powers the vehicle's motors and other electrical systems.

1. Performance evaluation: A battery model can be used to evaluate the performance of the battery under different operating conditions and usage scenarios, such as discharge rate, capacity, and efficiency. This can help optimize the battery's design and performance for the specific EV application.

2. Energy management: A battery model can be used in conjunction with other EV models and algorithms to optimize the overall energy management of the EV, including maximizing range and minimizing energy consumption.

3. State of charge (SOC) estimation: A battery model can be used to estimate the SOC of the battery in real-time, which can be important for ensuring that the battery has sufficient energy for the desired driving range and for maximizing the battery's lifetime.

4. Safety analysis: A battery model can be used to evaluate the safety of the battery and its integration into the EV, including analyzing the risk of thermal runaway or other failure modes.

In electric vehicle (EV) design, lithium-ion batteries are commonly used to store and supply electrical energy to the vehicle's motor. In Simulink, you can model the behavior of a lithium-ion battery by using blocks that represent the battery's key characteristics, such as its capacity, internal resistance, and state of charge (SOC).

To model the working of a lithium-ion battery in EV design using Simulink, you can use the "Battery" block from the Simscape Electrical library. This block allows you to specify parameters such as the battery's capacity, internal resistance, and initial state of charge. You can also specify the battery's discharge and charge curves, which describe how the battery's output voltage and current vary with its state of charge.

To use the "Battery" block in your Simulink model, you would connect it to the rest of the EV system using electrical connectors. For example, you might connect the battery to the EV's motor through a DC/DC converter, which converts the battery's DC output voltage to the voltage required by the motor.

You can then simulate the model to see how the lithium-ion battery behaves under different operating conditions. This can help you understand the battery's performance and identify any potential issues that may arise during operation.

It is important to note that proper modeling of a lithium-ion battery in EV design requires a detailed understanding of the battery's characteristics and behavior. Incorrectly modeling the battery can lead to inaccurate results and potentially unsafe designs.

parameters

controlled voltage and current source

controlled current and voltage sources can be used in SIMULINK to represent different electrical loads or behaviors that the EV's powertrain and other systems may encounter in real-world driving scenarios.

Controlled current and voltage sources can be used to represent the electrical loads or behaviors of different components or subsystems of the EV in a larger system-level model, allowing for the analysis and integration of these components into the overall EV system.

Overall, controlled current and voltage sources are useful tools for evaluating and optimizing the performance and safety of the EV's electrical systems

controlled voltage and current sensor

controlled voltage and current sensors are used to measure the electrical properties of the EV's powertrain and other systems in SIMULINK. These sensors can be used to accurately and precisely measure the electrical characteristics of the EV's components and subsystems, such as voltage, current, power, and resistance.

Controlled voltage and current sensors can be used to measure the electrical characteristics of different components or subsystems of the EV in a larger system-level model, allowing for the analysis and integration of these components into the overall EV system.

Overall, controlled voltage and current sensors are useful tools for evaluating and optimizing the performance and safety of the EV's electrical systems in SIMULINK.

electrical reference

an electrical reference is a known and stable electrical quantity that is used as a reference point or standard for measuring or comparing other electrical quantities. Electrical references are commonly used in a variety of applications, including testing, measurement, and simulation, where it is important to have a consistent and accurate reference for electrical quantities.

solver configuration

the solver configuration is an important consideration when simulating the performance and behavior of the EV's powertrain and other systems. The specific solver configuration options and settings will depend on the specific simulation needs and requirements of the EV model, as well as the characteristics of the model's equations and variables.

tire( magic formula )

The magic formula tire model is a mathematical model that represents the behavior and performance of a tire in terms of its lateral and longitudinal forces, as well as its slip angle and slip ratio. It is based on a combination of empirical data and physical principles, and is widely used due to its ability to accurately represent the complex behavior of tires under a wide range of operating conditions.

vehicle body

The vehicle body refers to the structural components of the EV that support the vehicle's weight and provide a platform for the other components and systems, such as the powertrain, suspension, and occupants. The vehicle body can also be a major contributor to the vehicle's overall aerodynamics and energy efficiency.

parameters

simple gear

A gear is a mechanical device that is used to transmit and modify torque and rotational speed between two or more rotating shafts. Gears are commonly used in a variety of applications, including electric vehicle (EV) design, where they are used to transmit power and torque from the EV's powertrain to the wheels.

VEHICLE DYMAMICS

Vehicle dynamics refers to the behavior and performance of a vehicle as it moves and responds to different operating conditions, such as acceleration, braking, cornering, and road surface conditions. In SIMULINK, vehicle dynamics can be simulated and analyzed by modeling and connecting the different components and systems that affect the vehicle's motion, such as the vehicle body, tires, powertrain, and suspension.

To model and simulate vehicle dynamics in SIMULINK, the vehicle body and tires can be represented using a variety of block library elements, such as the Vehicle Body and Tire blocks. The specific configuration and parameters of these models will depend on the characteristics and design of the specific vehicle being simulated.

To connect the vehicle body and tires in SIMULINK, the lateral and longitudinal forces generated by the tires can be applied to the body through the suspension system, which translates these forces into motion of the body. The vehicle body model can then represent the motion and response of the vehicle to these forces, taking into account factors such as the vehicle's mass, center of gravity, and moment of inertia.

Overall, by modeling and connecting the vehicle body and tires in SIMULINK, it is possible to simulate and analyze the vehicle's dynamics under a wide range of operating conditions and scenarios, allowing for the evaluation and optimization of the vehicle's performance and handling.

results

Drive Cycle Source(1)

FTP75

distance travelled , 17.77 km in 2474 seconds with varying speed

soc, decreased to 97%

h bridge temperature is increased

motor temperature increased

power consumption

Drive Cycle Source(2)

Wide Open Throttle (WOT)

distance travelled, 0.23km in 100 second

soc decreased for 99.95%

temperature increased for h bridge

temperature increased for motor

power consumption

Drive Cycle Source(3)

constant speed 45

distance travelled at a constant speed of 45 is 125km in a duration of 10000 seconds

soc decreased to 88%

temperture of h bridge increased

temperture of motor of motor increased

model working and model explaination

A drive cycle is a series of data points that represent the velocity of a vehicle over time. In Simulink, a drive cycle can be used to simulate the operation of an electric vehicle under different driving conditions.

A longitudinal driver is a type of controller that is used to control the acceleration and deceleration of a vehicle.

A controlled voltage source is a type of electrical component that can be used to model the behavior of an electric power source in Simulink.

A controlled pulse width modulation (PWM) block is a type of electrical component that can be used to model the behavior of an electronic switch in Simulink.

An H-bridge is a type of electronic circuit that can be used to control the direction of current flow in an electric motor.

A DC motor block is a type of electrical component that can be used to model the behavior of a direct current (DC) electric motor

The DC motor block can be configured to represent the torque and speed characteristics of the electric motor, as well as its electrical and mechanical losses. It can also be connected to other blocks in the model, such as a current sensor or an H-bridge, to more accurately represent the behavior of the EVR's electric motor

By using a DC motor block in Simulink, you can simulate the operation of an EV and evaluate its performance under different driving conditions. This can be useful for designing and testing the control systems for an EV, as well as for evaluating the energy consumption and range of the vehicle.

The lithium-ion battery block can be configured to represent the electrical and thermal characteristics of the battery pack, as well as its charge and discharge behavior. It can also be connected to other blocks in the model, such as a current sensor or a load, to more accurately represent the behavior of the EV's battery pack.

By using a lithium-ion battery block in Simulink, you can simulate the operation of an EVR and evaluate its performance under different driving conditions. This can be useful for designing and testing the control systems for an EV, as well as for evaluating the energy consumption and range of the vehicle.

The current sensor block can be connected to other blocks in the model, such as the EVR's electric motor or battery pack, to measure the current flowing through those components. The measured current can then be used to evaluate the performance of the EV's electrical system or to control other components in the model.

By using a current sensor block in Simulink, you can simulate the operation of an EVR and evaluate its performance under different driving conditions. This can be useful for designing and testing the control systems for an EVR, as well as for evaluating the energy consumption and range of the vehicle.

The vehicle dynamics blocks can be connected to other blocks in the model, such as the EV's electric motor or longitudinal driver, to simulate the behavior of the EV as it accelerates, decelerates, and navigates turns.

By using vehicle dynamics blocks in Simulink, you can simulate the operation of an EV and evaluate its performance under different driving conditions. This can be useful for designing and testing the control systems for an EV, as well as for evaluating the energy consumption and range of the vehicle.

The magic formula blocks can be connected to other blocks in the model, such as the EV's electric motor or longitudinal driver, to simulate the behavior of the EV as it accelerates, decelerates, and navigates turns.

By using the magic formula in Simulink, you can simulate the operation of an EV and evaluate its performance under different driving conditions. This can be useful for designing and testing the control systems for an EV, as well as for evaluating the energy consumption and range of the vehicle.

To model the working of an electric rickshaw in Simulink, you will need to create a Simulink model that includes the following components:

1. A battery model: This can be a simple voltage source that represents the battery of the electric rickshaw. You can set the voltage and capacity of the battery according to the specifications of the rickshaw.

2. A motor model: This will represent the electric motor of the rickshaw. You can use a standard motor block or create your own custom motor model using electrical and mechanical components.

3. A controller model: This will control the motor based on the input signals and the current state of the system. For example, the controller might receive a signal to increase the speed of the rickshaw, and it will then adjust the voltage applied to the motor accordingly.

4. A load model: This will represent the load on the rickshaw, such as the weight of the passengers and the vehicle itself.

5. A driver model: This will represent the driver of the rickshaw, and it can be used to input signals such as the desired speed or acceleration.

By connecting these blocks together and setting appropriate parameters, you can create a Simulink model of an electric rickshaw and simulate its behavior. You can then use this model to analyze the performance of the rickshaw and optimize its design.

table of comparison of different drive cycle

parameters	drive cycle source (1)	drive cycle source (2)	drive cycle source (3)
distance travelled	17.77km ( 2474 s )	0.23 km ( 60 s)	125km ( 10000 s )
soc	decreased ( 100 to 97%)	decreased ( 100 to 99.96% )	decrease to 88%
controller temperature	increased ( 298.2 to 330)	increased (298.2 to 299)	increased to 423
motor temperature	increased (571.3 to 571.308)	increased (571.3 to 572.8)	increased to 620
power consumed	3.9kw	70 w	9.3kw

conclusion

In conclusion, the Simulink model of an electric rickshaw can be used to analyze and optimize the performance of the vehicle. The model consists of several components, including a battery model, a motor model, a controller model, a load model, and a driver model. By connecting these blocks together and setting appropriate parameters, the behavior of the electric rickshaw can be simulated and analyzed. This can be useful for understanding the performance of the rickshaw under different conditions and for identifying potential improvements to the design. Overall, the Simulink model provides a useful tool for understanding the workings of an electric rickshaw and for optimizing its performance.