Concept on positioning of Columns
Question 1:
Comment on the layout of the framing plan concerning earthquake resistance in the two horizontal directions X or Y (dots are columns, lines depict beams). Look into aspects of symmetry, redundancy and bi-directional stiffness and ductility.
Investigation of the framing plan with respect to Symmetry in X-direction:
If we split the plan vertically half, it will look mirrored. So, we conclude the given plan is symmetric in -direction.
Investigation of the framing plan with respect to Symmetry in Y-direction:
If we split the plan horizontally half, it will look mirrored. So, we
conclude the given plan is symmetric in Y-direction.
Investigation with respect to Bi-directional stiffness:
The columns in horizontal direction are connected with straight-to-straight beams. This means, any lateral load (Seismic force in X-direction) passing from left end of the building will have its path straight till it reaches right end of the building. So no or less possibility of force diversion takes place.
The columns in vertical direction are not connected with straight-to-straight beams. So, a lateral load passing from south side of building will get diverted to east & west direction to reach next bay. There will be major force diversion take place with Seismic force in Y-direction. The framing plan is weak with respect to bi-directional stiffness in Y -direction.
Question 2:
What are the possible sources of irregularity in the building shown here? Explain how, as an engineer, each of these irregularities should be dealt with.
Vertical irregularity - The building plan area is large in bottom stories. The floor plan areas are getting reduced with increase in height. These building offsets has to be crosschecked with reference to IS-1893-2016 Table-6 serial number (i
Soft story - The building has uncovered opening space in 6th floor. As there is no occupancy or a partition wall, this will lead to plastic hinge formation at the columns (with reference to IS-1893-2016 Figure 4A) . This has to be checked and sufficiently designed.
Slopy base - The building is constructed on a sloping ground at one side.
This will lead to significant variations in the stiffness (with reference to IS-
1893-2016 Figure 5E). Few levels may be subjected to soft story mechanism.
Vertical irregularity - IS-1893-2016 Table-6 serial number (iii)
• Soft story - IS-1893-2016 Figure 4A
• Slopy base - IS-1893-2016 Figure 5E
Question 3:
A 4-storey hotel building has an open ground floor for the restaurant. Story 2 to 4 have one row of rooms along each long side in plan, separated by a corridor. The two short sides of the perimeter are fully in-filled in all storeys, except for certain openings at the ends of the corridor at storeys 2 to 4 and along the right-hand side of the ground floor. There is a staircase near the upper left-hand corner, with straight flights between landings at floor levels and in-between floors. Cross-section dimensions are written next to the member no. in meters.
Open ground floor - This denotes soft story mechanism acting in the building
Rooms along 2 bays separated by an open corridor - The bays filled with rooms will have higher mass compared to the middle bay left open for corridor. This induces mass irregularity along height uniformly.
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Two short sides covered with infill walls - This means the building's left and right sides periphery is more stiffer during seismic forces (especially along North-south)
Staircase portion at Left top corner - Usually staircase and lift portions are stiffer than other parts because of concentrated concrete elements. So, the staircase portion contains more stiffness in the provided building plan.
No framing connection along Y-direction - We could see no structural beams provided along the vertical direction between columns. This makes the building more vulnerable during the North South seismic force.