Parametric study on Gate valve.

Objective :- Parametric study on Gate valve.

Gate valve :-

A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a barrier (gate) out of the path of the fluid. Gate valves require very little space along the pipe axis and hardly restrict the flow of fluid when the gate is fully opened. The gate faces can be parallel but are most commonly wedge-shaped (in order to be able to apply pressure on the sealing surface).

Theory :-

Gate valves work by inserting a rectangular gate or wedge into the path of a flowing fluid. They are operated by a threaded stem which connects the actuator (generally a hand wheel or motor) to the stem of the gate. If the valve has a rising stem its position can be seen just by looking at the position of the stem. A gate valve is used to control the fluid flow through lifting and descending the gate. A gate distinct feature is to provide an unobstructed passageway, which includes minimal pressure loss over the valve.

When the gate is fully opened there is no restriction to the flow hence the pressure drop is low comparatively. Generally, the gate valve are fully closed or fully open as partially opened valve may experience vibration which may lead to excessive wear. A gate valve's main component is body, seat, gate, stem, bonnet, and actuator. the primary mechanism is straight forward where the handwheel is rotated to move the gate up and down via threads. they require more than a 360-degree turn to fully open the valve.

Gate valves tend to be slightly cheaper than ball valves of the same size and quality. They are slower in actuation than quarter-turn valves and are for applications where valve operation is infrequent, such as isolating valves. Gate valves should be used either fully open or fully closed, not to regulate flow. Automated gate valves exist with either an electric or pneumatic actuator, but a manual gate valve is cost-effective since they have infrequent usage. Gate valves are widely used for all types of applications and are suitable for both above-ground and underground installation. They are suitable for most fluids including steam, water, oil, and gas, etc.

Functioning Principle :-

Main Components of a Gate Valve are: body, seat, stem, bonnet and actuator. The main operation mechanism is very simple. When the hand wheel is turned, it rotates the fluid, which is translated into the vertical movement of a Gate Disc via threads. They are considered multi-turn valves as it makes more than one 360⁰ turn to fully open/close the valve. When the Gate is lifted from the path of the flow, the valve opens and when it returns to its closed position, it seals the bore resulting in a full closure of the valve.

Applications of Gate Valve :-

Gate valves are used to shut off the flow of liquids rather than for flow regulation. When fully open, the typical gate valve has no obstruction in the flow path, resulting in very low flow resistance. The size of the open flow path generally varies in a nonlinear manner as the gate is moved. This means that the flow rate does not change evenly with stem travel. Depending on the construction, a partially open gate can vibrate from the fluid flow.

Parametric Study :-

One of the best ways to get value out of your simulation is to do parametric analysis. With very little marginal work a completed model can be parameterized to simulate scenarios limited only by your computational time and resources. As you move forward in your design, you can assess the impact that changing certain parameters can have on the design. The parameters can include dimensional parameters. Parametric studies allow you to nominate parameters for evaluation, define the parameter range, specify the design constraints, and analyze the results of each parameter variation.

A parametric study requires the following:

• Design Objective is set to Parametric Dimensions
• Parameters nominated for use in the simulation
• Parameter ranges identified
• Design criteria specified
• Various configurations generated

When you have the configurations generated you can then evaluate your simulation. You can further refine the parameters or design constraints until satisfied with the results.Once you determine that a configuration satisfies your design needs, you are able to promote that configuration back to the model as a CAD edit. You are prompted whether to make changes.

Flow Coefficient :-

The flow coefficient of a device is a relative measure of its efficiency at allowing fluid flow. It describes the relationship between the pressure drop across an orifice valve or other assembly and the corresponding flow rate. Mathematically the flow coefficient Cv (or flow-capacity rating of the valve) can be expressed as:

where,

Q is the rate of flow (expressed in US gallons per minute),

SG is the specific gravity of the fluid (for water = 1),

ΔP is the pressure drop across the valve (expressed in psi).

10pa=0.00145038psi

In more practical terms, the flow coefficient Cv is the volume (in US gallons) of water at 60 °F that will flow per minute through a valve with a pressure drop of 1 psi across the valve. The use of the flow coefficient offers a standard method of comparing valve capacities and sizing valves for specific applications that are widely accepted by the industry. The general definition of the flow coefficient can be expanded into equations modeling the flow of liquids, gases, and steam using the discharge coefficient.

Flow Factor :-

The metric equivalent flow factor (Kv; commonly used in Europe and Asia) is calculated using metric units:

Kv can be calculated from Cv using the equation as given below:

The Kv factor of a valve indicates "The water flow in m3/h, at a pressure drop across the valve of 1 kgf /cm2 when the valve is completely open.

Geometry :-

Import the gate valve file into space claim

The above is the model analysed in Ansys fluent. It has the main features of a gate valve. The components of the gate valve are the Handwheel, Spindle, Bonnet, Gate Disc, Bottom part. Initially, the valve is fully closed. We have to increase the lift of the gate disc for every design point of the parametric study. We use the parameter option to parametrize the lift of the Gate Disc. The lift is given by using the "move" command in Ansys Spaceclaim, after that we extract the fluid volume. We use the "pull" command to create the pipe geometry.

FLUID VOLUME EXTRACTION

The fluid volume changes as the gate valve lift changes. For this, the verticle movement of the valve is parameterized.

After importing Geometry, hide the “Bottom” Part, so we can clearly see the “Gate Disc”.

• Then Select the “Gate Disc” component and move it in an upward direction by “10 mm” lift.
• To analyze the flow and its effects, we must allow the flow, and for that, we have given the 10 mm lift to the Gate Disc.

MESHING

Details:

1. Element Size: 5 mm
2. of Elements: 597178
3. of Nodes: 119029

• After Meshing, update it for further process and go for the Fluent Setup.

SETUP:-

1. Here we have taken Pressure for inlet = 10 Pa.
2. In the Viscous model, we have taken the K-Epsilon model.
3. The reason behind choosing the K-Epsilon Viscous model is characteristic of the flow, which is turbulent.
4. For Reynolds No. about 2000 and more, flow is turbulent. So we have taken the K-Epsilon Viscous model.
5. But here, we have given Pressure Inlet, instead of Velocity Inlet. So knowing the velocity of the flow for correct Reynolds No. is required.
6. So, to know the velocity of the flow, we have to go for initializing the solution.
7. So, go to Solution, and select Standard Initialization, and Initialize from Inlet.
8. After initialization, we can get the correct velocity and calculate the Reynolds No. and from that, we can decide on the appropriate viscous model.

Geometry

1. Solver - Pressure Based
2. Time - Steady State

Model:-

1. Viscous - K -Epsilon (Realizable - Scaleable Wall Function)

Material:-

1. Fluid - Water

Boundary Condition:-

1. Inlet - Pressure Inlet ( Gauge Pressure - 10 Pa)

Method:-

1. Scheme - Coupled
2. Initialization - Standard from Inlet
3. Number of Iteration - 300

Cases:

Here we will discuss all cases according to the opening percentage of “Gate Disc”.

According to the opening of the valve, given as lift of “Gate Disc” in mm, all 8 cases are named as given below:

1. Case 1 = 10
2. Case 2 = 20
3. Case 3 = 30
4. Case 4 = 40
5. Case 5 = 50
6. Case 6 = 60
7. Case 7 = 70
8. Case 8 = 80

Case 1

Gate valve lifted by 10 mm

Residual and Mass Flow rate Plot

Velocity contour at midsection in ZY plane

Velocity streamline

Velocity Vector

Pressure contour

Case 2

Gate valve lifted by 20 mm

Geometry

Meshing

Residual and Mass Flow rate Plot

Results

Case 3

Gate valve lifted by 30 mm

Geometry

Meshing

Residual and Mass Flow rate Plot

Results

Case 4

Gate valve lifted by 40 mm

Meshing

Residual and Mass Flow rate Plot

Results

Case 5

Gate valve lifted by 50 mm

Geometry

Meshing

Residual and Mass Flow rate Plot

Results

Case 6

Gate valve lifted by 60 mm

Geometry

Meshing

Residual and Mass Flow rate Plot

Results

Case 7

Gate valve lifted by 70 mm

Geometry

Meshing

Residual and Mass Flow rate Plot

Results

Case 8

The gate valve is lifted by 80 mm

Geometry

Meshing

Residual and Mass Flow rate Plot

Results

Flow factor Kv =0.865* Cv

Flow coefficient Cv= Kv/0.865

Results Statistics

Case	Mass flow rate (kg/s)	Lift (mm)	Flow coef.	Flow factor
Case 1	0.157	10	0.047	0.041
Case 2	0.241	20	0.076	0.065
Case 3	0.363	30	0.114	0.101
Case 4	0.472	40	0.149	0.129
Case 5	0.563	50	0.178	0.154
Case 6	0.643	60	0.203	0.176
Case 7	0.722	70	0.228	0.197
Case 8	0.785	80	0.249	0.215

From the above Tabular Data and Graphs, we can observe that

• As the opening of the Gate Valve or Lift of the Gate Disc increases, the Mass Flow Rate increases.
• With Increases in Mass Flow Rate, there is an increment in Flow Coefficient.
• Also, Increases in Flow Factor are observed at each Design Point from 10 to 80 mm Lift.
• So, the Graph of Mass Flow Rate, Flow Coefficient, and Flow Factor goes linearly with Gate Disc Opening.

Mass flow rate graph for various cases

Flow factor and flow coefficient graph

Conclusion:

1. Mass flow rate gradually increases as the lift of gate disc is increased.

2. The variation of flow coefficient and flow factor with the opening of the valve is studied by using parametric.

3. Parametric study is time reducing option when studying the effects of changes of certain parameters on a system.

4. Flow coefficient plays important role in the selection of valve and sizing of a valve, so calculating it is necessary.

5. Flow coefficient also helps in computing the efficiency of the system and the effect of pressure on the system.