Q1.

False

The given scenario in the city driving conditions will be dealing with a wide variety of obstacles such as Sudden changes in road width, driving rules, or speed limits, and Frequent intersections that require stop-start driving and increase the risk of being involved in a collision. Frequently is required to cross several lanes of traffic when turning, merging, or exiting a road

When the driver is accelerating very rapidly or braking harshly in these types of conditions, the motor will draw a high current while the rapid acceleration is transient, and at the same time while sudden braking, the regenerative braking mode will turn on, will generate the power which can be stored.

In these conditions, UC is the better choice because of its high-power density which can release high current as per the motor demand in the transient period of time. While harsh breaking, it is very easy to UC to store that power.

Q2.

 

Energy Density: It is the measure of how much energy a battery contains in proportion to its weight. This measurement is typically presented in watt-hours/kilogram. The higher the energy density, the longer the runtime.

1) Lead acid battery: Lead-acid batteries have relatively low energy density.

2) Nickel-cadmium battery: Nickel Cadmium has a much higher energy density compared to lead-acid batteries.

3) Nickel Metal hydride battery: Ni-MH batteries can have two to three times the capacity of Ni-Cd batteries of the same size, with high significance and also much less than lithium-ion batteries.

4) Lithium-ion battery: Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density.

5) Ultra Capacitor: The energy density is more in ultracapacitors compared to capacitors.

The values of energy densities of different batteries and cell voltage are shown in below table and also the same is represented in the X-Y plot shown below.

Battery name	Energy density	Cell voltage
Lead-acid battery	35-40	2.1
Nickel Cadmium	40-60	1.2
Nickel Metal Hydride	60-120	1.2
Lithium-ion	100-265	3.6- 3.85
Ultracapacitor	89.6	3.5

Q3.

 

Battery name	Cell voltage	Power density
Lead-acid battery	2.1	180
Nickel Cadmium	1.2	150
Nickel Metal Hydride	1.2	100
Lithium-ion	3.7	340
Ultracapacitor	3.5	496

Q4.

 

TRUE

The number indicated as 1 is a -ve electrode.

• During discharge, lithium ions from the -ve anode move through the electrolyte to gets intercalate the +ve cathode.
• During charging, electrons move from the anode to the cathode in the external circuit.
• Electrons flow to balance the cell voltage.
• During the electrochemical process, the anode is -ve and the cathode is +ve.
• At the first-time charging, the lithium-ion from the cathode gets attached to the anode and it forms the inseparable layer on the anode.
• A solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) is formed at the anode. Anode gets decomposed if it comes in contact with the electrolyte. SEI protects the anode.