Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

INTRODUCTION:

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are growing in popularity for military and aerospace applications. A prototype Li-ion battery was developed by Akira Yoshino in 1985, based on earlier research by John Goodenough, M.Stanley Whittingham, Rachid Yazami and Koichi Mizushima during the 1970s–1980s, and then a commercial Li-ion battery was developed by a Sony and Asahi Kasei team led by Yoshio Nishi in 1991.

In the batteries, lithium ions move from the negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use lithium compound as the material at the positive electrode and typically graphite at the negative electrode. The batteries have a high energy density, no memory effect and low self-discharge. They can however be a safety hazard since they contain flammable electrolytes, and if damaged or incorrectly charged can lead to explosions and fires.

The different electrolytes used in Lithium ion battery include industrial solvents, ceramic solid electrolytes, polymer electrolytes, ionic liquids, and heavily fluorinated systems.

There are many variants of the Lithium-ion battery depending on the type of cathode material used. The anode is generally the same material(Graphite carbon) except for the LTO battery. They are:

1. LCO. - Lithium cobalt oxide.

2. LMO. - Lithium manganese oxide.

3. NCA. - Lithium Nickel cobalt Aluminium oxide.

4. NMC. - Lithium Nickel Manganese cobalt oxide.

5. LFP. - Lithium Iron Phosphate.

6. LTO. - Lithium Titanium oxide.

Below is a table giving detailed information on the different types if Li-ion batteries.

TYPES OF Li-ION BATTERIES	LCO. - Lithium cobalt oxide.	LMO. - Lithium manganese oxide	NCA. - Lithium Nickel cobalt Aluminium oxide.	NMC- Lithium Nickel Manganese cobalt oxide.	LFP. - Lithium Iron Phosphate.	LTO. - Lithium Titanium oxide.
ANODE MATERIAL	Graphite carbon	Graphite carbon	Graphite carbon	Graphite carbon	Graphite carbon	Lithium titanium oxide
CATHODE MATERIAL	Lithium cobalt oxide.	Lithium manganese oxide	Lithium Nickel cobalt Aluminium oxide.	Lithium Nickel Manganese cobalt oxide.	Lithium Iron Phosphate.	Lithium manganese oxide or NMC
ELECTROLYTE	Lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent.	Lithium Halide dissolved in organic solvent.	Lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent.	Lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent.	Lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent.	Lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent.
CHEMICAL REACTION AT ANODE	Charging(L to R) Discharging (R to L) 6C + xe(-) + xLi(+) = LixC6	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) xLi(+) + xe(-) + 6C = LixC6	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) xLi(+) + xe(-) + 6C = LixC6	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) xLi(+) + xe(-) + nC = LixCn	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) xLi(+) + xe(-) + 6C = LixC6	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) T15O12 + 4Li(+) + 4e(-) = Li4T15O12
CHEMICAL REACTION AT CATHODE	LiCoO2 = Li(1-x)CoO2 + xLi(+) + xe(-)	LiMnO2 = Li(1-x)Mn2O4 + xLi(+) + xe(-)	LiNiCoAlO2 = Li(1-x)NiCoAlO2 + xLi(+) + xe(-)	LiNiMnCoO2 = Li(1-x)NiCoAlO2 + xLi(+) + xe(-)	LiFePO4 = Li(1-x)FePO4 + xLi(+) + xe(-)	4LiMn2O4 = 4Mn2O4 + 4Li(+) + 4e(-)
OVERALL CHEMICAL REACTION	LiCoO2 + 6C = CoO2 + LiC6	LiMn2O4 + 6C = LiC6 + Mn204	LiNiCoAlO2 + 6C = LiC6 + NiCoAlO2	LiNiMnCoO2+ 6C = LiC6 + NiMnCoAlO2	LiFePO4 + 6C = LiC6 + FePO4	Li4T15O12 + 4Mn2O4 = 4LiMn2O4 + T15O12

Thus the material, anode & cathode reactions & the electrolytes of different Li-Ion batteries are explained in detail.