Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Objective: To study and understand the electrochemical of various types of lithium-ion batteries.



Question:

1. Create a table of materials and chemical reactions that occur at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP, and LTO lithium ion cells.



Battery:

* Battery consists of one or more electrochemical cells with external connectors used to power electrical equipment such as flashlights, mobile phones, electric vehicles, etc. The device.

* When a battery supplies electrical energy, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.

* Negatively marked terminals are sources of electrons that flow through external circuits to positive terminals.

* When the battery is connected to an external electrical load, the redox reaction converts the high energy reactants into low energy products and the difference in free energy is supplied to the external circuit as electrical energy.

* There are two types of batteries,

. 1. Primary Batteries-These batteries are disposable and cannot be recharged for further use.

2th Rechargeable Batteries-These batteries can be recharged and used multiple times.



Lithium Ion Battery:

* Lithium Ion Battery is a rechargeable battery that can be recharged for further use.

* Lithium-ion batteries contain four main components. They are the positive electrodes of the cell.

* Cathode electrodes are usually made of

. 1. Layered Transition Metal Oxides-Large Capacity, High Cost, Low Safety
2. Spinel-High power density, but low conductivity and stability.

3. Olivine-Yeast has a large capacity, but has a long lifespan and is highly safe.

(ii) Anode:

* This is the negative electrode of the cell.

* Anode electrodes are usually made of

. 1. Graphite

2. Hard carbon, these anodes are inexpensive, have high stability and specific capacity.

(iii) Electrolyte:

* Electrolyte is a substance that produces a conductive solution when dissolved in a polar solvent.

* The dissolved electrolyte is decomposed into cations and anions and evenly distributed in the solvent.

* In general, lithium-ion batteries have electrolytes made from organic solvents such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, and lithium salts as solutes.



(iv) Separator:

* The battery separator forms a barrier between the anode (negative) and cathode (positive) while exchanging lithium ions from side to side.

* A material that conducts ions, but does not conduct electrons.

* Lithium-ion batteries use polyolefin as a separator. This material has excellent mechanical properties, excellent chemical stability, and is also inexpensive.

* The battery consists of an anode, a cathode, a separator, an electrolyte, and two current collectors (positive and negative), and the anode and cathode store lithium.

* The electrolyte transports positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa via the separator.

* The movement of lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode and charges in the positive current collector.

* Next, current flows from the pantograph through the power unit (cell phone, computer, electric motor, etc.) to the negative pantograph. The separator blocks the flow of electrons in the battery.

When the battery discharges and supplies current, the anode emits lithium ions to the cathode, creating a flow of electrons to the left and right.

* Charging is reversed, lithium ions are emitted from the cathode and taken up by the anode.

* This is the operating principle of lithium-ion batteries.



Lithium Ion Battery Types:

* There are several types of lithium ion batteries based on their chemical composition.



1. Lithium Cobalt Oxide-LiCoO2 (LCO)

* Also known as Lithium Cobalt or Lithium Ion Cobalt Batteries, Lithium Cobalt Oxide Batteries are made from lithium carbonate and cobalt.

* They have a cobalt oxide cathode and use graphite carbon as the anode material. During discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode, and the flow is reversed when the battery is charged.

This type of battery has some drawbacks, such as relatively short battery life and limited power. Also, these batteries are not as secure as other types.


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Lithium Manganese Oxide – LiMn2O4 (LMO)

* The first commercial lithium-ion battery using lithium manganese oxide as the cathode material was manufactured by Moli Energy in 1996.

* Lithium manganese oxide batteries are characterized by high temperature stability and are safer than other types of lithium ion batteries.

* For this reason, it is commonly used for medical equipment and devices, but it can also be used for power tools and electric bicycles. It is also possible to use a

* lithium manganese oxide battery to power laptops and electric vehicles.



3. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide – LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA)

* Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide Battery, also known as NCA Battery, is becoming more and more important in electrically driven rows and grid storage.

* NCA batteries are not common in the consumer goods industry, but they are promising in the automotive industry.

* NCA batteries offer a long life, high energy option, but are less secure and very expensive compared to other lithium ion battery types.



4. Lithium Manganese Manganese Cobalt Oxide – LiMnCoO2 (NMC)

* Also known as Lithium Manganese Cobalt Oxide or NMC Battery, it contains a cathode made of a combination of nickel, manganese and cobalt.

* Like other lithium-ion battery variations, NMC batteries can have either high specific energy density or high specific power. However, you cannot have both properties.

* This type of battery is most commonly used in power tools and vehicle drivetrains.

* Cathode combination ratios are typically 60 percent nickel, 20 percent manganese, and 20 percent cobalt. This means that raw material costs are lower than other lithium-ion battery options, as cobalt can be very expensive.
* These batteries may continue to fall in price as some battery makers plan to switch their chemistry to higher nickel content to reduce cobalt usage. I have.

* This battery type is often used in electric vehicles due to its very low self-heating.



5. Lithium Iron Phosphorus – LiFePo4 (LFP)

* Lithium iron phosphate batteries, also known as iron phosphate batteries, use phosphate as the cathode. They benefit from low resistance properties that enhance safety and thermal stability.

Other benefits include durability and long life. A fully charged battery can be stored without affecting the overall battery life.

* Li-phosphate batteries are often the most cost-effective option given their long battery life. However, the lower voltage of a lithium phosphate battery means that it has less energy than other types of lithium batteries.

* Therefore, these batteries are often used in electric motorcycles and other applications that require long life and a high level of safety.



6. Lithium Titanium Titanium – LiTiO2 (LTO)

* Finally, Lithium Titanium Titanium, also known as Lithium Titanium Titanium, is a battery class that enables more and more applications. The main advantage of Li-Titanate battery is that the charging time is very fast.

* Electric vehicle and bicycle manufacturers are currently using lithium titanium batteries, and this type of battery may be used in electric public transportation buses.

* However, these batteries have a lower inherent voltage or energy density than other types of lithium-ion batteries, which can cause problems in efficiently powering the vehicle. Nevertheless, the density of lithium titanate batteries is still higher and positive than other non-lithium ion batteries.

2) Comparision Table about the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics:

Li - ion cell Type	Cathode	Anode	Electrolyte	Seperator	Overall Reaction at Cathode & Anode	Application
LCO	Graphite	Lithium Cobalt Oxide	Ethylene Carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Li1-xCoO2(s) + x Li+ + x e- → LiCoO2(s)	Mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras
LMO	lithium manganese oxide	Graphite carbon	Methyl carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Mn2+ + 2 LiC6 → Mn + 2 Li++ graphite	Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains
NCA	Comprised of Nickel cobalt & Aluminium	Graphite carbon	Propylene carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Li(1−x)NiO2 → (2 − x)Li(1−x)/(2−x)Ni1/(2−x)O + x/2O2	Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)
NMC	Comprised of Nickel cobalt & Manganese	Lithium metal Graphite	Methyl carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Li(x)MO2(s) → Li+(org) + Li(x-1)MO2(s) + e-.	E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial
LFP	Comprised of Lithium, Iron & Phosphate	Graphite Carbon	Propylene carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin		Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance
LTO	Comprised of Nickel cobalt & Manganese	Lithium–titanium oxide	Propylene carbonate + Li salt	Polyolefin	Li4Ti5O12 + 3Li+ + 3e → 4 Li7Ti5O12	UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting