Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT BATTERY CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVE:

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

SOLUTION:

Li-ion Cell:

Lithium-ion cells are rechargeable cells, they use lithium as one of the key components in the construction of the cell. The development of Li-ion cells started in the early 70s, and their advancement and potential to catapult the energy storage systems making the adoption of EV’s a reality caused its inventors to win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019. These are rechargeable cells commonly used in portable electronics to something as large as Discoms for storing energy produced from renewable energy. There is a tremendous amount of research going on in the Li-ion batteries which cause the capacity of battery to increase drastically in the coming future. In the past 3 decades, the cost of battery has decreased by 97% and since the last decade, it has fallen by 88%.

Components of Li-ion Cell

Like any other cell, Li-ion cells are also made up of different components. These internal components help in shaping the features and other characteristics of a Li-ion cell. The Li-ion cell has 4 main components that are Cathode, Anode, Electrolyte, and Separator.

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

BATTERY CHEMISTRY	ANODE MATERIAL	CATHODE MATERIAL	ELECTROLYTE	ANODE REACTION	CATHODE REACTION	REDOX REACTION
LCO Lithium Cobalt Oxide LiCoO2	graphite anode	Lithium Cobalt Oxide LiCoO2	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LixC6→xLi++xe-+C6	Li1-xCoO2+xLi++xe-→LiCoO2	C6+LiCoO2↔LiC6+CoO2
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO	graphite anode	LiMn2O4 cathode	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LixC6→xLi++xe-+C6	Li1-xMn2O4+xLi++xe-→LiMn2O4	C6+LiMn2O4↔LiC6+Mn2O4
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC	graphite anode	LiNiMnCoO2. cathode	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LixC6→xLi++xe-+C6	Li1-xNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2+xLi++xe-→LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2	C6+LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2↔LiC6+Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2
Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP	graphite anode	LiFePO4 cathode	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LixC6→xLi++xe-+C6	Li1-xFePO4+xLi++xe-→LiFePO4	C6+LiFePO4↔LiC6+FePO4
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA	graphite anode	LiNiCoAlO2 cathode (~9% Co)	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	LixC6→xLi++xe-+C6	Li1-xNiCoAlO2+xLi++xe-→LiNiCoAlO2	C6+LiNiCoAlO2↔LiC6+NiCoAlO2
Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO	Li4Ti5O12 (titanate) anode	Cathode can be lithium manganese oxide or NMC	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate	Li4Ti5O12→Ti5O12+4Li++4e-	4Li1-xMn2O4+4Li++4e-→4LiMn2O4	Li4Ti5O12+4Mn2O4↔4LiMn2O4+Ti5O12

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

BATTERY COMPARISION
BATTERY CHEMISTRY	ANODE MATERIAL	CATHODE MATERIAL	VOLTAGES	SPECIFIC ENERGY CAPACITY	CHARGE(C-RATE)	DISCHAGE(C-RATE)	CYCLE LIFE	THERMAL RUNAWAY	APPLICATIONS
LCO Lithium Cobalt Oxide LiCoO2	graphite anode	cathode (~60% Co)	3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell	150–200Wh/kg. Specialty cells provide up to 240Wh/kg.	0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V (most cells); 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.	1C; 2.50V cut off. Discharge current above 1C shortens battery life.	500–1000, related to depth of discharge, load, temperature	150°C (302°F). Full charge promotes thermal runaway	Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO	graphite anode	LiMn2O4 cathode	3.70V (3.80V) nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell	100–150Wh/kg	0.7–1C typical, 3C maximum, charges to 4.20V (most cells)	1C; 10C possible with some cells, 30C pulse (5s), 2.50V cut-off	300–700 (related to depth of discharge, temperature)	250°C (482°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway	Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC	graphite anode	LiNiMnCoO2. cathode	3.60V, 3.70V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell, or higher	150–220Wh/kg	0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V, some go to 4.30V; 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.	1C; 2C possible on some cells; 2.50V cut-off	1000–2000 (related to depth of discharge, temperature)	210°C (410°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway	E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial
Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP	graphite anode	LiFePO4 cathode	3.20, 3.30V nominal; typical operating range 2.5–3.65V/cell	90–120Wh/kg	1C typical, charges to 3.65V; 3h charge time typical	1C, 25C on some cells; 40A pulse (2s); 2.50V cut-off (lower that 2V causes damage)	2000 and higher (related to depth of discharge, temperature)	270°C (518°F) Very safe battery even if fully charged	Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA	graphite anode	LiNiCoAlO2 cathode (~9% Co),	3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell	200-260Wh/kg; 300Wh/kg predictable	0.7C, charges to 4.20V (most cells), 3h charge typical, fast charge possible with some cells	1C typical; 3.00V cut-off; high discharge rate shortens battery life	500 (related to depth of discharge, temperature)	150°C (302°F) typical, High charge promotes thermal runaway	Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)
Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO	Li2TiO3 (titanate) anode	Cathode can be lithium manganese oxide or NMC	2.40V nominal; typical operating range 1.8–2.85V/cell	50–80Wh/kg	1C typical; 5C maximum, charges to 2.85V	10C possible, 30C 5s pulse; 1.80V cut-off on LCO/LTO	3,000–7,000	200°C + (One of safest Li-ion batteries)	UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting

COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT LI ION CHEMISTRIES:

CONCLUSION:

Different types of Li ion batteries and their characteristics are studied and tabulated.