Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

1. Introduction Lithium-ion cells, in their most common form, consist of a graphite anode, a lithium metal oxide cathode, and an electrolyte of a lithium salt and an organic solvent. Lithium is a good choice for an electrochemical cell due to its large standard electrode potential (-3.04 V) resulting in a high operating voltage (which helps both power and energy) and the fact that it is the metal with the lowest density (which reduces weight).

The construction of a typical cylindrical cell is shown in Figure 2, while Figure 3 shows a typical pouch cell. Such cells provide a relatively light and small source of energy and are now manufactured in very large quantities (>1 billion cells per year) (2). In an automotive application, a lithium-ion battery consists of tens to thousands of individual cells packaged together to provide the required voltage, power, and energy. Individual cells are normally mounted into a number of modules, which are then assembled into the complete battery pack as shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 4.CAD of the disassembled battery module, assembled module, and whole battery package

Many countries have now put in place binding carbon dioxide emissions targets for cars, for example in Europe the requirements are for fleet average CO2 emissions of 130 g km by 2015 and 95 g km¹ by 2021 (3). It will be shown in Section 2 of this paper that by using a (lithium-ion) battery it is possible to significantly reduce a car's CO2 emissions. More lithium-ion batteries are now being used in automotive applications for this reason.

The structure of this paper is as follows. In Section 2 a number of automotive passenger car applications for lithium-ion batteries are presented and their key requirements listed. Section 3 will give a brief overview of the capabilities of a number of lithium-ion chemistries currently in use for automotive applications and Section 4 will compare the requirements (from Section 2) with the capabilities listed in Section 3. Section 5 will look at future developments, while Section 6 will offer some conclusions.

2. Automotive Applications for Lithium-ion Batteries There is a range of applications for batteries in passenger cars (4). The ones that will be considered here were selected either because they already use lithium-ion batteries or because they could potentially do so in the future. Note that there are a number of standard automotive requirements that all lithium-ion batteries used in cars need to meet: these include life (8-15 years are typical requirements), temperature range (-40°C to at least +60°C, ideally 80°C), and vibration resistance (at least 4.5 root-mean-square acceleration (grams)) (5). Each application will now be briefly described.

Types of lithium-ion cells

Types	Chemical Name	Cathode Material	Chemical Reaction at the cathode(discharge)	Anode Material	Chemical Reaction at the anode(discharge)	Overall Reaction
Lithum Cobalt Oxide(LCO)	LiCoO2	Lithium Cobalt Oxide		Graphite carbon
Lithum -Ion Mananese oxide battery(LMO)	LiMn2O4	Lithium Manganese Oxide		Graphite carbon
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxides(NMC)	LiNiCoAlO2	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Aluminium Oxide		Graphite carbon
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide(NMC)	LiNiCoMnO2	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide		Graphite carbon
Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery(LFP)	LiFePO4	Lithium Iron Phosphate		Graphite carbon
Lithium Titanate Oxide(LTO Battery	Li2TiO3	Manganese Oxide		Lithium Titanium Oxide

1) Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) battery

LCO (Lithium cobalt oxide) was invented in the year 1991. Its anode material is LiaC6, the cathode material is LibC002 and the carrier is Li+.It is used in various applications ranging from electronic devices to all laptops and phone batteries. The majority of lithium-ion batteries for portable devices are cobalt-based. The system contains a cobalt oxide cathode (positive electrode) and graphite carbon anode (negative electrode).

2) Lithium-ion manganese oxide (LMO) battery

A lithium-ion manganese oxide battery (LMO) is a lithium ion cell that uses manganese dioxide, MnO2, as the cathode material. They function through the same intercalation/de intercalation mechanism as other commercialized secondary battery technologies, such as LiCoO2. Cathodes based on manganese-oxide components are earth-abundant, inexpensive, non-toxic, and provide better thermal stability.

3)Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (NCA) battery

Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery, or NCA, has been around since 1999 for special applications. It shares similarities with NMC by offering high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long life span. 4) Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) battery

What is an NMC battery? In short, NMC batteries offer a combination of Nickel, Manganese and Cobalt. They are sometimes known as Lithium Manganese Cobalt Oxide batteries. NMC batteries have a high specific energy or power.

5)Lithium iron phosphate battery(LFP) batteries

LFP batteries stands for Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, which is known as li-phosphate batteries as well. They use phosphate as cathode material. In addition, they benefit from the low resistance properties that enhance their thermal stability and safety.

6) Lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) battery

The lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) battery is a type of rechargeable battery which has the advantage of being faster to charge than other lithium-ion batteries, but the disadvantage of having a much lower energy density.

Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics