Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

STUDENT OF EV BATCH 16 ONLINE COURSE

Objective:Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.

Lithium-Ion batteries falls under the category of rechargeable batteries with high energy and power capabilities.

It is an advanced battery technology with lithium ions as a key component of its electrochemistry.

Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound like Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) and Lithium Nickel Oxide (LiNiO2) as the material at the positive electrode and typically graphite intercalation material at the negative electrode.

This anode and cathode assembly is isolated electrically with separator and is impregnated in electrolyte typically organic solvent consisting lithium salt.

Due to high flexibility in the construction of lithium ion cells with respect to very high electrode surface area and their chemistry, Lithium-Ion batteries find applications from normal electronics gadgets applications to typically high power applications like Electric Vehicles.

Table for comparing LCO,LMO,NMC,LFP and LTO

	Lithium-Ion combat oxide (LCO)	Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)	Lithium-Ion phosphate (LFP)	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA)	Lithium Titanium oxide (LOT)
Chemical formula	LiCoO3	LiMn2O4	LiNiMnCoO3	LiFePO4	LiNiCoAlO2	Li2TiO3
Anode material	Graphite carbon	Graphite carbon	Graphite carbon	Graphite carbon	Graphite carbon	Lithium Titanium oxide
Cathode material	Lithium Cobalt oxide	Lithium Manganese Oxide	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	Lithium Iron Phosphate	Lithium Cobalt Aluminium Oxide	Lithium Manganese oxide
Electrolyte	Lithium salt in an organic solvent	Lithium halide dissolved in an organic solvent	Lithium salt in an organic solvent	Lithium salt in an organic solvent	Lithium salt in an organic solvent	Lithium salt in an organic solvent
Anode reaction	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) 6C+xe-+xLi+ Li2C6	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) 6C+xe-+xLi+ Li2C6	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) 6C+xe-+xLi+ Li2C6	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) 6C+xe-+xLi+ Li2C6	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) 6C+xe-+xLi+ Li2C6	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) Ti5O12+4Li++4e- Li4Ti5O12
Cathode reaction	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) LiCoO2 Li1-xCoO2+xLi++ xe-	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) LiMnO2 Li1-x Mn2O4+xLi++xe-	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) LiMO2 Li1-xMo2+xLi++ xe-	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) LiFePO4 Li1-xFePO4+xLi++ xe-	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) LiNiCoAlO2 Li1-xNiCoAlO2+xLi++ xe-	Charging (L to R) Discharging (R to L) 4LiMn2O4 4Mn2O4+4Li++ 4e-
Overall reaction	LiCoO2+6C CoO2+LiC6	LiMn2O4+6C LiC6+Mn2O4	Li1-xMO2+ LiCn LiMO2+nC	LiFePO4 + 6C LiC6 + FePO4	6C+LiNiCoAlO2 LiC6+NiCoAlO2	Li4Ti5O12 + 4Mn2O4 4LiMn2O4+Ti5O12

2. Objective:

Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics

	Specific Power	Specific Energy	Safety	Lifespan	Cost	Performance
Lithium Cobalt Oxide	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Medium
Lithium Manganese Oxide	Medium	Medium	Medium	Low	Low	Low
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	Medium	High	Medium	Medium	Low	Medium
Lithium Phosphate	High	Low	High	High	Low	Medium
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide	Medium	High	Low	Medium	Medium	Medium
Lithium Titanate	Medium	Low	High	High	High	High

Specific Power:It's the ability to deliver a high current and indicates loading capability. Batteries for power tools are made for high specific power and come with a reduced specific energy.

A high specific power usually comes with reduced specific energy and vice versa.

Specific energy: This defines the battery capacity in weight (Wh/kg). The capacity relates to the runtime. Products requiring long runtimes at moderate load are optimized for high specific energy.

Performance: This measures how well the battery works over a wide range of temperatures. Most batteries are sensitive to heat and cold and require climate control. Heat reduces life, and cold lowers performance temporarily.

Lifespan: This reflects cycle life and longevity and is related to factors such as temperature, depth of discharge, and load. Hot climates accelerate capacity loss. Cobalt blended lithium-ion batteries also usually have a graphite anode that limits the cycle life.

Safety: This relates to factors such as the thermal stability of the materials used in the batteries. The materials should have the ability to sustain high temperatures before becoming unstable. Instability can lead to thermal runaway in which flaming gases are vented. Fully charging the battery and keeping it beyond the designated age reduces safety.

Cost: Demand for electric vehicles has generally been lower than anticipated and this is mainly due to the cost of lithium-ion batteries. Hence cost is a huge factor when selecting the type of lithium-ion battery.